1 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 T.F. Greten (ed.), Immunotherapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-64958-0_1 Chapter 1 Vaccine Approaches in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Maria Tagliamonte, Maria Lina Tornesello, Franco M. Buonaguro, and Luigi Buonaguro Abbreviations ABC ATP-binding cassette AFP α-fetoprotein APCs antigen-presenting cells APVAC actively personalized vaccine ASR age-standardized rates ATP adenosine triphosphate CIK Cytokine-Induced NK-Like T Cells CRC colorectal cancer CT cancer testis CTL cytotoxic T lymphocytes DAMPs damage-associated molecular patterns DCs dendritic cells GB glioblastoma GM-CSF granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor GPC-3 Glypican-3 HAIC hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy HBV hepatitis B virus HCC hepatocellular carcinoma HCV hepatitis C virus hTERT human telomerase reverse transcriptase IFNγ interferon gamma IHC immunohistochemistry IL-10 interleukin 10 M. Tagliamonte • M.L. Tornesello • F.M. Buonaguro • L. Buonaguro (*) Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis Unit, National Cancer Institute “Fond. G. Pascale”, 80131 Naples, Italy e-mail: l.buonaguro@istitutotumori.na.it