Research Journal of Mathematics and Statistics 6(2): 12-15, 2014
ISSN: 2042-2024, e-ISSN: 2040-7505
© Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2014
Submitted: May 29, 2013 Accepted: June 18, 2013 Published: May 25, 2014
Corresponding Author: Blessing Masamha, Department of Environmental Science, Bindura University of Science Education,
P. Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe
12
Multinomial Regression Modelling of Factors Determining Choice of Household Water
Treatment Technology in Bindura Rural District of Zimbabwe
1
Blessing Masamha,
1
Artwell Kanda,
2
Tichaona Mapuwei,
1
Jephita Gotosa and
1
Violet P. Dudu
1
Department of Environmental Science,
2
Department of Mathematics and Physics, Bindura University of Science Education, P. Bag 1020,
Bindura, Zimbabwe
Abstract: Household Water Treatment and Safe water storage (HWTS) are options for improving the biological
quality of drinking water. A multinomial logistic regression was used to model household water treatment
technologies of chlorination, boiling and bios and filtration against the most important socio-economic factors
influencing choice of technology of treatment in Bindura rural district. Structured questionnaires were administered
to 252 House Holds (HH) sampled from six district wards. Government assistance, Non-Governmental
Organizations (NGOs) support, health club membership, training in hygiene were the most important factors
influencing choice of household water treatment as shown by the Wald statistics; Log Likelihood ratios (-2LL) and
corresponding p-values. The odds ratios for each factor also considered relative to the reference category
(chlorination). Model goodness of fit tests showed that pseudo-R
2
of Negelkerke was 55.7% and the Cox and Snell
R
2
was 43.5% indicating that the fitted model was adequate since almost 55.7% of the total variation is explained by
the models. Log Likelihood ratios showed the significance of removing each factor and all factors were significant
except for the household size factor. Training programs on health hygiene, water treatment and club membership
should be enhanced to increase adoption of various treatment methods in the Bindura rural.
Keywords: Bindura, household water treatment technology, multinomial modeling, socio-economic factors
INTRODUCTION
In Africa, about 70% of the households in rural
areas are living without sanitation facilities and 80%
without access to improved drinking water sources
(UNICEF/WHO, 2008). This is where the burden of
disease associated with unsafe drinking water is borne
mostly by the poor, the very young and the immune-
deficient but is largely preventable (Trevett et al., 2005;
Nath et al., 2006). Water is usually collected from
unprotected sources and consumed without being
treated putting people to health risk from water-borne
diseases.
Household Water Treatment and Safe storage
(HWTS) is an option for improving the quality of
drinking water at household level especially where
handling and storage of drinking water are necessary
and recontamination is a risk (WHO/UNICEF, 2011).
Water supply and hygiene programs provide barriers to
pathogens breaking the cycle of disease transmission
(Waddington et al., 2009). After such programs have
been implemented in an area the incidence of diarrheal
diseases is expected to decrease. Household Water
Treatment (HWT) technologies can be used to
eliminate or reduce transmission of pathogens is well
documented (Nath et al., 2006; Classen, 2009;
Waddington et al., 2009). In this study HWTS that were
used by rural communities of Bindura district were
assessed. A number of Non Governmental
Organizations (NGOs) have been working in the district
for the past decade in water supply and hygiene. There
has been no independent assessment of water supply
interventions in Bindura district to evaluate the factors
that influence the choice of HWT option. Identifying
populations that do not practice HWTS or acceptable
hygiene behavior may help Water Supply and Hygiene
(WSH) program implementers to effectively target their
beneficiaries and evaluate their program effectively.
The Zimbabwean government recommended the
bush pump (borehole) for rural community water
supply and, chlorination for HWT. These prescribed
technologies have proved to be not sustainable for the
rural poor as replication; maintenance, replacement
and/or self-funding are poor. It is against this
background that prompted to assess the most influential
factors that determined the adoption or non adoption of
various HWT technologies in the selected wards. A
multinomial logistic regression is a technique that
basically fits multiple logistic regressions in a multi-
category unordered response variable that has been