BALUWALA ET AL.: NON-RIGID CHEST IMAGE REGISTRATION Annals of the BMVA Vol. 2011, No. 4, pp 1−15 (2011) © 2011. The copyright of this document resides with its authors. It may be distributed unchanged freely in print or electronic forms.                           !" #   $%&  #’ $  (  #’ $ )" * + ,- .’/  /. Abstract Non-rigid image registration of chest CT images acquired at different breathing stages is often necessary in today’s medical practice. Current algorithms take little consideration of physical characteristics of the different tissues during the registration process. In earlier work, we have presented a registration framework based on the elastic transformation model that incorporated additional constraints to preserve topology and rigid structures. In this paper, we extend our previous registration framework to a viscous fluid model using the same constraints. A comparison between the fluid and elastic registrations, with and without the additional constraints, has been performed on 3D chest phantom data. The results show that the fluid registration model using additional constraints is even more successful in keeping the ribs and other bony structures rigid while reducing the amount of folding in the deformation field, thus leading to better preservation of topology. 1 Introduction Medical image registration is defined as the process of determining the spatial correspondence between two images. Non-rigid image registration plays an important role in clinical applications ranging from early stage diagnosis of disease to therapy planning and monitoring of treatment response or disease progression. Non-rigid registration techniques use transformation models based on different principles such as optical flow [Horn et al. (1981)], free form deformations [Rueckert et al. (1999)], radial basis functions [Bookstein (1989)] or physical continuum models [Christensen et al. (1994), Bajcsy et al. (1989)]. Image registration forms an important component of pulmonary