Research Article
Pattern of Breast Cancer Distribution in Ghana: A Survey to
Enhance Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Frank Naku Ghartey Jnr,
1
Akwasi Anyanful,
2
Sebastian Eliason,
3
Saanid Mohammed Adamu,
1
and Samuel Debrah
4
1
Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences,
University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
2
Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences,
University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
3
Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences,
University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
4
Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences,
University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
Correspondence should be addressed to Akwasi Anyanful; a.anyanful@uccsms.edu.gh
Received 15 January 2016; Revised 26 April 2016; Accepted 14 July 2016
Academic Editor: Robert-Alain Toillon
Copyright © 2016 Frank Naku Ghartey Jnr et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Background. Nearly 70% of women diagnosed with breast cancer in Ghana are in advanced stages of the disease due especially to
low awareness, resulting in limited treatment success and high death rate. With limited epidemiological studies on breast cancer
in Ghana, the aim of this study is to assess and understand the pattern of breast cancer distribution for enhancing early detection
and treatment. Methods. We randomly selected and screened 3000 women for clinical palpable breast lumps and used univariate
and bivariate analysis for description and exploration of variables, respectively, in relation to incidence of breast cancer. Results. We
diagnosed 23 (0.76%) breast cancer cases out of 194 (6.46%) participants with clinically palpable breast lumps. Seventeen out of
these 23 (0.56%) were premenopausal (<46.6 years) with 7 (0.23%) being below 35 years. With an overall breast cancer incidence
of 0.76% in this study, our observation that about 30% of these cancer cases were below 35 years may indicate a relative possible
shif of cancer burden to women in their early thirties in Ghana, compared to Western countries. Conclusion. Tese results suggest
an age adjustment for breast cancer screening to early twenties for Ghanaian women and the need for a nationwide breast cancer
screening to understand completely the pattern of breast cancer distribution in Ghana.
1. Introduction
Cancer of the breast is the most common cancer in both
developing and developed countries and is responsible for
over one million in an estimated ten million neoplasms
diagnosed in both sexes worldwide [1]. Breast cancer is
also the primary cause of cancer death among women
globally, responsible for about 425,000 deaths in 2010 [2].
In 2012, nearly 1.7 million new cases of breast cancer were
diagnosed worldwide (second most common cancer overall
afer cervical cancer), representing about 12% of all new
cancer cases and 25% of all cancers in women [3]. Tis is
an increase from 2010 when 1.6 million new cases of breast
cancer were diagnosed [2]. Increasing incidence of breast
cancer is also being reported for developing countries in
Africa, in contrast to previous reports [4]. For example, a 2011
American Cancer Society study reports that “in several sub-
Saharan African countries, breast cancer has now become
the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women, a shif
from previous decades in which cervical cancer was the
most commonly diagnosed cancer [5].” Tis observation is
consistent with studies in Cote d’Ivoire [6], Uganda [7, 8],
Nigeria [9], and Ghana [10]. Tough these increases are
still low compared to developed countries, higher mortality
rates accounting for 75% of total deaths from the disease
are observed in developing countries [11]. Tis is because
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
International Journal of Breast Cancer
Volume 2016, Article ID 3645308, 9 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3645308