Citation: Shaikh, Z.A.; Khan, A.A.;
Baitenova, L.; Zambinova, G.; Yegina,
N.; Ivolgina, N.; Laghari, A.A.;
Barykin, S.E. Blockchain Hyperledger
with Non-Linear Machine Learning:
A Novel and Secure Educational
Accreditation Registration and
Distributed Ledger Preservation
Architecture. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 2534.
https://doi.org/10.3390/
app12052534
Academic Editor: Pericle Perazzo
Received: 28 January 2022
Accepted: 26 February 2022
Published: 28 February 2022
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applied
sciences
Article
Blockchain Hyperledger with Non-Linear Machine Learning:
A Novel and Secure Educational Accreditation Registration and
Distributed Ledger Preservation Architecture
Zaffar Ahmed Shaikh
1
, Abdullah Ayub Khan
1,2,
* , Laura Baitenova
3
, Gulmira Zambinova
4
, Natalia Yegina
5
,
Natalia Ivolgina
6
, Asif Ali Laghari
2,
* and Sergey Evgenievich Barykin
7
1
Faculty of Computing Science and Information Technology, Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University Lyari,
Karachi 75660, Sindh, Pakistan; zashaikh@bbsul.edu.pk
2
Department of Computer Science, Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Karachi 74000, Sindh, Pakistan
3
Almaty University of Power Engineering and Telecommunications (AUPET) Named after G.Daukeev,
Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan; baitenova_laura@mail.ru
4
Kazakh University of Economics, Finance and International Trade, Nur-Sultan 010005, Kazakhstan;
gulmira_6969@mail.ru
5
Department of Economics, Ogarev Mordovia State University, 430005 Saransk, Russia; avantacom@mail.ru
6
Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 115903 Moscow, Russia; nataly55550@yandex.ru
7
Graduate School of Service and Trade, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University,
195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; sbe@list.ru
* Correspondence: abdullah.ayub@bbsul.edu.pk (A.A.K.); asif.laghari@smiu.edu.pk (A.A.L.)
Abstract: This paper proposes a novel and secure blockchain hyperledger sawtooth-enabled consor-
tium analytical model for smart educational accreditation credential evaluation. Indeed, candidate
academic credentials are generated, verified, and validated by the universities and transmitted to
the Higher Education Department (HED). The objective is to enable the procedure of credential
verification and analyze tamper-proof forged records before validation. For this reason, we designed
and created an accreditation analytical model to investigate individual collected credentials from
universities and examine candidates’ records of credibility using machine learning techniques and
maintain all these aspects of analysis and addresses in the distributed storage with a secure hash-
encryption (SHA-256) blockchain consortium network, which runs on a peer-to-peer (P2P) structure.
In this proposed analytical model, we deployed a blockchain distributed mechanism to investigate
the examiner and analyst processes of accreditation credential protection and storage criteria, which
are referred to as chaincodes or smart contracts. These chaincodes automate the distributed credential
schedule, generation, verification, validation, and monitoring of the overall model nodes’ transac-
tions. The chaincodes include candidate registration with the associated university (candidateReg()),
certificate-related accreditation credentials update (CIssuanceTrans()), and every node’s transactions
preservation in the immutable storage (ULedgerAV()) for further investigations. This model simulates
the educational benchmark dataset. The result shows the merit of our model. Through extensive sim-
ulations, the blockchain-enabled analytical model provides robust performance in terms of credential
management and accreditation credibility problems.
Keywords: blockchain; hyperledger sawtooth; machine learning; artificial neural network; consor-
tium network; certificate credentials accreditation
1. Introduction
Certificate issuance and pre-verification by Higher Education Department (HED)
recognized universities play a vital role in developing a platform and opportunities to
pre-verify issued certificates through the e-portal mechanism. This scenario uplifts the
educational turnaround, which directly impacts the economy and a skilled workforce
with social mobility to promote and achieve the well-being of educationalists around the
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 2534. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12052534 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci