IP International Journal of Periodontology and Implantology 2020;5(4):134–138 Content available at: https://www.ipinnovative.com/open-access-journals IP International Journal of Periodontology and Implantology Journal homepage: https://www.ipinnovative.com/journals/IJPI Review Article Epigenetics and pathogensis: A newflanged review Avineet Kaur 1, *, Harnoor Singh Sandhu 2 , Kanwar Shabaz 3 , Surinder Sachdeva 4 , Raman Chopra 5 , Shailja Chatterjee 6 1 Dept. of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Swami Devi Dyal Dental College Barwala Golpura, Haryana, India 2 Dept. of Emergency, Gian Sagar Medical College and Hospital Banur, Rajpura, Punjab, India 3 Dept. of Surgery, Adesh Medical College and Hospital, Shahbad, Haryana, India 4 Dept. of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Dental Sciences and Research Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India 5 Dept. of Medicine, Gian Sagar Medical College and Hospital Banur, Rajpura, Punjab, India 6 Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Yamuna Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, India ARTICLE INFO Article history: Received 26-09-2020 Accepted 06-11-2020 Available online 24-12-2020 Keywords: Epigentics Genotype Periodontitis ABSTRACT Genetics and epigenetics is the process of gene expression or suppression through polymorphism, demethylation, and deacetylation. Although Periodontal diseases are bacterial infections predominantly gram negative anaerobic bacteria that colonize the sub gingivaly in return triggering an inflammatory response which affect the periodontium; whereas periodontitis is a periodontal disease which destroys the tissue and bone that surrounds the tooth. In adults periodontitis is at helm of tooth loss. Pathogenic microrgansims are considered as the primary aetiological factor, but the disease progression is also influenced by Genotype and Phenotype of various individuals. Phenotypic factors such as race, diabetes, gender, education, smoking etc. have sweeping effects on the epigenetic changes and impel susceptibility to disease. Epigenetic modifications expression occur in response to environmental changes. © This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 1. Introduction Epigenetics is a field that deals with study of epigenome. Word “Epi” means outside the “genome”. 1 Waddington H. C. coined the word Epigentics 2 describing it as a“causal mechanisms” by which genes give rise to the phenotype. Epigenetics is described as changes in gene expression not encoded in DNA sequence, which may take the form of chemical modifications of DNA and concomitant proteins, which are responsible for remodeling of the chromatin and activation or inactivation of a particular gene. 3,4 Periodontitis is a disease in which chronic inflammation of gingival tissues takes place in response to bacteria. In definite individuals, immune response leads to tissue destruction and bone loss alongwith * Corresponding author. E-mail address: Kauravineet85@gmail.com (A. Kaur). connective tissue. Periodontitis is very common diseases in humans undoubtedly including 10% of adult population. 5 According to survey it has been observed that periodontitis is sixth-most prevalent condition worldwide. 6 Periodontitis is a disease involving an interplay of various factors with its absolute mechanism remaining unclear, but a contributing factor for inflammation and infection is the presence of multiple disease inducing microorganisms of the likes of Tannerella forsythia, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonasgingivalis, which in turn triggers host immune response 7 In Cold Spring Harbor Meeting which was held in 2008, described epigenetics as “stable heritable phenotype which results from alterations in chromosome without changes in DNA pattern”. 8 In Greek language prefix ‘epi-’ in epigenetic means in addition to genetics. Epigenetics acts as a cross linkage between genetics , environmental and lifestyle https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijpi.2020.031 2581-9836/© 2020 Innovative Publication, All rights reserved. 134