Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2019, © 2019 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Guest Editorial
2017 2017–2019
DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900289
Redox Catalysis for Artificial Photosynthesis
Xavier Sala*
[a]
and Antoni Llobet*
[a,b]
Nature has always inspired mankind. The way green plants,
algae, and cyanobacteria have been using sunlight to produce
energetically rich biomolecules (solar fuels) through photosyn-
thetic processes
[1]
since over a billion years is no exception. Dur-
ing the last decades, the progressive depletion of fossil fuels and
the obvious impact of their continuous and massive combustion
on our health and environment, particularly on global warm-
ing,
[2]
have triggered eforts directed to their replacement. Thus,
artifcial photosynthetic strategies based on the production of
clean and renewable energy alternatives driven by sunlight have
arisen as a core feld of research.
[3,4]
Artifcial photosynthesis tries to emulate Nature, generating
devices for the storage of sunlight energy into chemical bonds,
thus producing a solar fuel. Following Nature’s steps, water
oxidation is a central process in artifcial photosynthesis,
[5]
constitut-
ing the source of electrons, which are then used to reduce CO
2
to
liquid fuels,
[6]
protons to dihydrogen,
[7]
or even N
2
to ammonia.
[8]
Given the complexity of the whole process, a division-of-labor ap-
proach is usually implemented, and the overall process is divided
into two half-reactions: water oxidation (WO) and the corresponding
reductive counterpart (hydrogen evolution, HE, or CO
2
reduction,
CO
2
red). Together with efcient light absorption systems, the
kinetic viability of the whole process depends on the availability
of fast and robust redox catalysts that can work at low overpo-
tentials and speed up the corresponding oxidative/reductive
processes. Redox catalysis is thus at the core of artifcial
photosynthesis, with either metal/metal-oxide or molecular
catalysts (both with their own pros and cons) as potential
candidates for catalyzing the set of redox reactions involved.
Beyond the obvious, required eforts in catalyst preparation
and mechanistic analysis aiming at the rational design of im-
proved catalysts, the engineering of (photo)anodes and (photo)
cathodes combining light-harvesting molecules/materials and
catalytic species is also a major challenge, as is the fnal integra-
tion of the two half-reactions in photoelectrochemical cells (PEC)
for the overall production of solar fuels. The harmonic function of
the diferent integrating components and their long-term stabil-
[a] Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona,
Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
E-mail: xavier.sala@uab.cat
https://seloxcat.wordpress.com/
[b] Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology (BIST),
Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
E-mail: allobet@iciq.cat
http://www.iciq.org/research/research_group/prof-antoni-llobet/
ORCID(s) from the author(s) for this article is/are available on the WWW
under https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201900289.
Xavier Sala started his research in redox
catalysis with a PhD thesis from the
University of Girona on the application of
Ru-based molecular complexes in selec-
tive oxidation processes. In 2006 he
moved to the Institute of Chemical Research
of Catalonia (ICIQ, Tarragona) for post-doc-
toral research in organometallic chemis-
try under the supervision of Prof. P. W. N. M. van Leeuwen and
was appointed scientifc group coordinator in Prof. Antoni Llobet’s
group at ICIQ in 2008, focusing on the feld of artifcial photo-
synthesis. After a third post-doctoral stay at the Institute of
Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), he was appointed as
Lecturer in Chemistry at the Autonomous University of Barcelona in
2010, where he became Associate Professor in 2018. Since
2011, he leads the Selective Oxidation Catalysis (SelOxCat)
research group focused on the key reactions involved in the
production of renewable fuels through redox catalysis, with
particular emphasis on tailored metal and metal-oxide nano-
materials. He has co-authored over 70 research papers (includ-
ing 5 book chapters) and has been visiting professor at the
University of California Berkeley (Berkeley, USA) and Invited
Professor at the LCC-CNRS (Toulouse, France).
Anoni Llobet was born in Sabadell (Bar-
celona) in 1960. After his PhD at the Uni-
versitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)
with Prof. Francesc Teixidor in July 1985, he
moved to the University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill for a postdoctoral stay with
Prof. Thomas J. Meyer, until the end of
1987. After a short period again at UAB
and at the University of Sussex-Dow Corning (UK), he became
Scientifc Ofcer for the Commission of the European Commu-
nities, based in Brussels, Belgium (1990–1991). From 1992 to
1993, he was Senior Research Associate at Texas A&M University
in College Station (USA), working with the groups of Prof. Arthur
E. Martell and Donald T. Sawyer. From 1993 to 2004, he was
part of the faculty of the Universitat de Girona, where he was
promoted to Full Professor in 2000. At the end of 2004 he
moved to UAB. In September 2006, he was appointed as Group
Leader at the Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)
in Tarragona. His research interests include the development
of tailored transition metal complexes as catalysts for selective
organic and inorganic transformations including the oxidation
of water to molecular dioxygen, supramolecular catalysis,
the activation of C–H and C–F bonds, and the preparation
low-molecular-weight complexes as structural and/or functional
models of the active sites of oxidative metalloproteins.