Research Article Open Access Mirmohammadi, J Pollut Eff Cont 2014, 2:2 DOI: 10.4172/2375-4397.1000116 Review Article Open Access Volume 2 • Issue 2 • 1000116 J Pollut Eff Cont ISSN:2375-4397 JPE, an open access journal Keywords: Manganese; Working exposure; Biomarker; Occupational health Introduction Tere are many chemical materials which can afect on human health as air pollutant, one of them is manganese exists as airborne particulate matter in ferrous foundries is manganese particle. Furnacemen are exposed to manganese (Mn) in the workplaces from both naturally occurring processes and processing activities. Tere are variety of pollution sources in such factories include furnaces, melting process, cars, lif trucks, sanding and combustion. Because of their small size particles, tend to remain and suspending in the air for long periods of time (weeks or months). Usually, the health efects of Manganese (Mn) airborne particles for human are likely to depend on several parameters, including the ingredient of melting materials, duration of and level of exposure, size of the particles, and individual characterization of the exposed subject. High exposure to airborne manganese may tend to accumulation of the compound in the basal ganglia of the brain [1,2], where it may toxic condition for subjects [3]. Researchers illustrated that the neurological disorder of manganese (`manganism’) that bears many similarities to Parkinson’s disease for exposed workers [4-6]. To prevent of work-related disease early indicators of the clinical efects and sensitive parameters of manganese exposure are needed. Te major parameter to control the exposure is time weighted average exposure for manganese airborne particulate concentration is about 1 mg/m 3 in workplaces. Te manganese preclinical adverse efects have been observed to cause in the central nervous systems in workers exposed for less than 20 years [7]. A few studies have revealed basis subclinical intoxication which has been observed in manganese exposed workers with moderate (1 ± 4 lg/l) increases in B-Mn [8,9]. Te foundry furnacemen are potentially exposed to manganese pollution during melting, weighting, transportation of recycled manganese-alloyed iron scrap from storehouse to furnace as well as manganese fumes exposure from the furnaces, especially during smelting in the foundry workplace. Te non-furnace workers may be potentially exposed to manganese during the handling of manganese-alloyed iron and preparing of the production and maintenance. Tere is a need to fnd personal exposure with manganese particles in foundry factory based on local psychrometric condition such as relative humidity, dry bulb temperature, wind speed and altitude; it may improve our understanding of what humans are actually exposed to and how to reduce this exposure. Assessment of indoor air quality may carry out by variety study models such as regression model or multiple linear models aimed for pollution estimation with emphasis on particle matter distribution of efectiveness by psychrometric parameters in the workplaces. Similarly, regression model was used before by other researchers in terms of pollution predictive model [10-12]. Manganese Exposures Te ferrous foundry iron and steel industry is especially diferent in materials and processes, resulting in occupational exposures to a wide variety of substances. Te introduction of organic binder materials in the late 1950s has resulted in exposures of foundry workers to other chemicals, including phenol, formaldehyde, isocyanates and various amines. Earlier exposure studies have been reviewed previously (IARC, 1984). Furthermore, the main toxic element in the foundry workplaces is airborne manganese which inhales by exposed worker. Te threshold limit value (TLV) for Mn exposure according to NIOSH standards for fne particulate matters in the factories should not exceed 1 mg/m³ (NIOSH). Mn Biomarkers of Exposure According to occupational health studies, blood and urine Mn levels have been the most widely used biomarkers of exposure for researchers. Te range of manganese (Mn) for normal whole blood is from 7-12 μg/l and 0.6 to 4.3 μg/l in serum [13]. Blood Mn (Mn B) is not *Corresponding author: Seyedtaghi Mirmohammadi, Msc, PhD, Assist. Prof. (Indoor Air Pollution), MSc (Occupational Health), Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Sari, Iran, Tel: +981133543617/ +981513543617; E-mail: mirtaghim@yahoo.com Received August 20, 2014; Accepted September 16, 2014; Published September 29, 2014 Citation: Mirmohammadi S (2014) Manganese Exposure and Toxicity. J Pollut Eff Cont 2: 116 doi: 10.4172/2375-4397.1000116 Copyright: © 2014 Mirmohammadi S, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract One of the main essential elements for human is Manganese (Mn). Furthermore Mn is a row material for many king of ferrous foundry and there is a working exposure to Mn for workers in the workplaces. High exposure to Mn can result in increase in human tissues levels and neurological effects. Though, there should be some threshold limit value for Mn exposure related to adverse effects may occur and increase with higher exposures further than threshold limit. Conclusions from scientifc literatures related to Mn toxicity revealed that this pollutant can effect on brain system and create some neurological disorders or neurological endpoints which measured in many of the occupational health assessments. Many researches have tried to show a relationship regards to biomarkers with neurological effects, such as neurological changes or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes have not been founded for Mn. More precise study need for Mn risk assessment for industrial pollution exposure and it will be used to recognize situations that may guide to understand Mn accumulation on brain and Mn metabolism in different exposed workers. Workplace evaluations for Mn will prepare valuable scientifc information for the development of more scientifcally sophisticated guidelines, regulations and recommendations for future study and for Mn occupational toxicity control and exposure prevention in the related workplaces. Manganese Exposure and Toxicity Seyedtaghi Mirmohammadi* Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Sari, Iran Journal of Pollution Effects & Control J o u r n a l o f P o l l u t i o n E f f e c t s & C o n t r o l ISSN: 2375-4397