Chapter 8
Copy–Move Forgery Detection by Using
Key-Point-Based Harris Features
and CLA Clustering
Kavita Rathi and Parvinder Singh
Abstract Images can easily be manipulated without any visual marks to the naked
human eye with massive improvements in image manipulation software. This
tampering is the main propelling force for the need of better image forensics such
that field is known as image forgery detection. Any digital image with regions where
the image contents are identical is said to have copy–move forgery (CMF). Copy–
move forgery is performed to improve the visual features or to cover the underlying
truth in the image. Many algorithms have been used for CMF detection, and this
work is about improved key-point and clustering-based CMF detection scheme. The
proposed scheme combines the efficiency of a key-point-based scheme and clustering
of these key points to further improve the results. Modified Harris operator-based
key-point detection algorithm with clustering using local gravitation is utilized for
key-points selection. The average accuracy, PSNR and SSIM rates are used to eval-
uate the performance of the proposed algorithm with scale-invariant feature transform
(SIFT), which is another state-of-the-art key-point algorithm. The paper concluded
with the efficiency of the key-point-based scheme.
8.1 Introduction
Image forensics is a vast field used to verify the images to ascertain credibility
and authenticity by using various computation approaches [1, 2]. Image forensics
is attracting a lot of attention due to its possible applications in various domains.
There are various methods in image forgery detection, which can be categorized as
active (copy–move forgery detection) and passive (blind forgery detection) [3]. The
copy–move forgery detection algorithms are concerned with revealing the forgery
K. Rathi (B ) · P. Singh
Deenbandhu Chhotu, Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal 131039, India
e-mail: kavita1217@gmail.com
P. Singh
e-mail: Parvindersingh.cse@dcrustm.org
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
R. Kountchev et al. (eds.), New Approaches for Multidimensional Signal Processing,
Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies 216,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4676-5_8
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