Basaloglu et al., J Spine 2017, 6:1 DOI: 10.4172/2165-7939.1000352 Case Report Open Access Volume 6 • Issue 1 • 1000352 J Spine, an open access journal ISSN: 2165-7939 Spina Bifida: Morphological Features, Molecular Regulations and Signal Pathways Hatice Kubra Basaloglu 1 , Servet Celik 2 , Kubilay Dogan Kilic 3 , Turker Cavusoglu 3,4 , Gurkan Yigitturk 1 , Okan Bilge 2 , Yigit Uyanikgil 3,4 and Mehmet Turgut 5 * 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Adnan Menderes University, School of Medicine, Aydın, Turkey 2 Department of Anatomy, Ege University, School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey 3 Cord Blood, Cell-Tissue Research and Application Center, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey 4 Department of Histology and Embryology, Ege University, School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey 5 Department of Neurosurgery, Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine, Aydın, Turkey Abstract The main aim of this article is to review the knowledge about the closure defect of the vertebral column calls spina bifda. The anatomic, embryologic and molecular biologic knowledge about this condition is reevaluated with checking the contentful dry bone collection. Determined spina bifda samples, types in any part of vertebral column reviewed under the light of increasing recent literature. The review also gives attention to the cervical, thoracic regional, anterior and partial closure defect possibilities and clinical conditions, which are not emphasized adequately and are thought as a separate case status but are severe or mild types of spina bifda. Most common sites, especially sacral region of spina bifda and present incidence in different nations assessed and compared with our dry bone series. Regional incidence, types and clinical conditions of spina bifda reviewed under the light of the recent embryologic and molecular biologic studies. This review will give tidy think and aspect of morphology and clinics of spina bifda throughout of the vertebral column. *Corresponding author: Mehmet Turgut, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Neurosurgery, Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine, Cumhuriyet Mahallesi, Adnan Menderes Bulvarı, Haltur Apartmanı No: 6/7, 09020 Aydın, Turkey, Tel: +90 256 2134874; Fax: +90 256 2120146; E-mail:drmturgut@yahoo.com Received January 02, 2017; Accepted January 19, 2017; Published January 21, 2017 Citation: Basaloglu HK, Celik S, Kilic KD, Cavusoglu T, Yigitturk G, et al. (2017) Spina Bifda: Morphological Features, Molecular Regulations and Signal Pathways. J Spine 6: 352. doi: 10.4172/2165-7939.1000352 Copyright: © 2017 Basoglu HK, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Keywords: Spina bifda; Neural tube defects; Developmental disease; Embryology Defnition and Background of Spina Bifda Spina bifda means split spine [1]. It occurs when the spinal column does not close all of the ways or spinal column has closing alterations during gestation [2]. In the USA, about 1500 babies are born with spina bifda or brain and spine defects every year. It makes this the most common permanently disabling birth defect [3]. Because of a developmental abnormality of the spinal cord in the frst trimester of pregnancy, spina bifda happens [4]. Anatomy of the vertebra, vertebral canal, contents and surrounding tissue is important for understand of embryologic development of spina bifda. Spina bifda emerges as a result of the non-closure of the upper part of the neural tube during embryonal development. It is classifed into two main groups: open and closed spina bifda. Te reason underlying it is not clearly understood. It is thought to arise as a result of genetic and environmental factors. Various other reasons which are unknown today are also thought to be efective. We checked literature of vertebral anomalies, malformations and clinical conditions including spina bifda. A number of clinical studies have been published in the literature on the closure defect in one part of the vertebral canal and many gross clinical cases of neonate have been reported. Life-incompatible types of spina bifda are frequently mentioned by many authors. In addition, many anatomical studies have been done on dry bone of the sacral canal closure defects. Te review gives attention to the cervical, thoracic regional, anterior and partial closure defect possibilities and clinical conditions which are not much emphasized and are thought as a separate case status but are severe or mild types of spina bifda. Regional incidence, types and clinical conditions of spina bifda reviewed under the light of the recent embryologic and molecular biologic studies. Tis review will give ordinate think and aspect of morphology and clinics of spina bifda throughout of the vertebral column. Classical Anatomy of Vertebral Column and Vertebral Canal Vertebral anatomy Te vertebral column in adult consists from 33-34 typical and atypical vertebras. Typical vertebra has two main part, the body and the vertebral arch. Te vertebral arch comprises pedicle of the vertebra and lamina. Fusion of lef and right laminas forms the spinous process of the vertebra (Figures 1a and 2a). Te vertebral foramen locates between body and vertebral arch [5]. First cervical vertebra atlas is an atypical vertebra, given name atlas. Tere is no vertebral body of the atlas and it has anterior and posterior arches [6]. Sacral and coccygeal atypical vertebras synostosis to form sacrum and coccyx as a single bone in adult [5]. Vertebral canal Consecutive alignment of vertebral foramens form the vertebral canal. Anterior wall of vertebral canal consists of vertebral bodies, intervertebral discs and posterior longitudinal ligament (Figure 2a). Te vertebral arches form lateral and posterior sides of the canal. Tere are openings of bony vertebral canal laterally and posteriorly. Intervertebral foramens between consecutive two vertebrae are lateral exit of the canal. Posterolateral opening between consecutive vertebral arches are closed with ligament fava and interspinous ligaments (Figure 2a) [7]. Part of vertebral canal in sacrum calls sacral canal difers with some features from the rest of the vertebral canal. Te posterior wall of sacral canal is completely closed via fusion arch of lamina and spinous processes of S1-S4 vertebras and ligaments between arches. In the majority of society lamina of the ffh vertebra is agenized and J o u r n a l o f S p i n e ISSN: 2165-7939 Journal of Spine