IJSRSET1733144 | 19 June 2017 | Accepted : 30 June 2017 | May-June -2017 [(2)3: 671-677] © 2017 IJSRSET | Volume 3 | Issue 3 | Print ISSN: 2395-1990 | Online ISSN : 2394-4099 Themed Section: Engineering and Technology 671 The Effect of Linear Energy Transfer, Particle and Energy Fluence on Renal Surface Area during Abdominal CT Scan 1 Issahaku Shirazu, 2 Cyril Schandorf, 3 Y. B Mensah, 4 S. Y. Mensah, 1 Theophilus Sackey, 1 Ernest Kojo Eduful, 1 Mark Pokoo-Aikins, 1 Theresa Bebaaku Dery 1 Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute, Medical Radiation Physics Center, Accra, Ghana 2 Graduate School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana 3 University of Ghana Medical School, Department of Radiology, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra Ghana 4 University of Cape Coast, School of Agriculture and Physical Sciences Faculty of Physical Sciences, Department of Physics, Cape coast, Ghana. ABSTRACT The quantities that determine the relative image noise level by either increasing or reducing its value are photon quality (kVp) and photon quantity (mAs). This study is to determine the effect of LET, energy and particle fluence on the renal surface area during abdominal CT scan. The method involve extracting three exposure parameters from image data using MVL DICOM application software including: kVp, mA and scan time. The kVp or the photon peak energy which is applied in the A-P direction during abdominal CT scan was used to estimate linear energy transfer. While the particle fluence and the energy fluence were estimated from the effective mAs and the kVp on the total renal surface respectively. The effective mAs were estimated by dividing the mAs by the average pitch factor of approximately 0.813. In all the examinations, the average protocol setting in terms of exposure time and kilovolts peak were 500s and 120keV respectively. While the average protocol in all the centers recorded a mean effective milliamp second (mAs) of 59.27 mAs and tube current of 94.22A. The influence of these parameters on abdominal scan depends on the scan time, scan scope, the size of the renal surface area (RSA) which has varied values. The effects of effective mean mAs per unit mean renal surface area, described as mean effective particle fluence were 1.32mAs/cm2 and 1.50 mAs/cm2 for male and female respectively. The energy fluence, which is the photon energy per unit renal surface area estimated to have a mean value of 4.02 keVcm-2 and 4.51 keVcm-2 for male and female respectively. In addition, the maximum and minimum variations of all the measured parameters. The LET, which described the lost in photon energy as it traverses across the renal tissues in the A-P direction was estimated, with a mean value of 2.60 keV/µm and 2.67 keV/µm for male and female respectively. The maximum and minimum LET values were 4.49 keV/µm and 1.90 keV/µm for male and 5.26 keV/µm and 1.98 keV/µm for female respectively. The maximum measured values were below the critical LET values estimated to be between 15 to 20 keV/µm. These estimated risk parameters were used to predict the effect on abdominal and kidney tissues using the various modeled equations. Keywords : Photon Quality, Photon Quantity, Image Noise, LET, Particle Fluence, Energy Fluence. I. INTRODUCTION The framework of the exposure parameters are based on the effects of the LET, during CT examinations. The definition described the probability of a photon loses all its energy as it transverse through a material. The lost energy is said to have been deposited in the material. It’s of interest to know that, protons, neutrons, and α particles have much higher LET than gamma or x-rays. LET is expressed in keV per micron (keV/µm) as standard units. Other important parameters associated with low-dose radiation is the charge particle fluence, the energy fluence and the rate at which there affect human tissues or organs. The charge particle fluence refer to the number of particles per unit surface area with which the tissue or organ is irradiated. This process