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Teachers College Record Volume 123, 050306, May 2021, 26 pages
Copyright © by Teachers College, Columbia University
0161-4681
Examining the Actor Coalitions and
Discourse Coalitions of the Opt-Out
Movement in New York: A Discourse
Network Analysis
YINYING WANG
Georgia State University
Background/Context: Since 2013, opting out of state standardized tests has become a
movement—the grassroots, organized efforts to refuse to take high-stakes state standardized
tests. In particular, opt-out rates in the state of New York have been consistently fluctuating
around 20%.
Purpose/Objective: This study aims to examine the actor coalitions and discourse coalitions
that have propelled the opt-out movement in the state of New York—the movement’s epicenter
with the highest opt-out rate in the United States.
Conceptual Framework: This study is conceptually grounded in the advocacy coalition
framework (ACF), a prominent conceptual lens to investigate the formation of coalitions
and their impact on policymaking. The ACF posits that advocacy coalitions are forged by
policy actors who have similar policy preferences. By contrast, differences in policy preferences
are manifested in the discourse that serves to defend or propose coherent arguments as
justifications for policy preferences held by the opposition coalitions.
Research Design: This study compiled the Opt-out Discourse Data Set by using data from 323
press articles and 52 archival documents from 2015 to 2018. Each news article or archival
document was coded with three variables: movement actors, statements articulated by the
actors, and the actors’ sentiment toward the statements. An actor-statement bipartite network,
an actor coalition network, and a discourse coalition network were created, respectively. Next,
Freeman degree centrality was calculated to identify major actors and their statements. The
network metrics of density and connectedness of the two competing coalitions were calculated
to compare the coalitions’ network structure.
Findings: In the actor coalition network, the movement advocacy coalition is clearly more
densely connected than the movement opposition coalition in terms of the number of actors,
coalition density, and coalition connectedness. The discourse coalition network shows similar
patterns: the movement advocacy coalition is densely connected, as evidenced by the numbers
of nodes in each coalition and the network metrics of coalition density and connectedness.
Conclusions/Recommendations: This study concludes with a discussion on how the future
of the opt-out movement depends on (1) how the movement advocacy coalition continues to