Ethnic Attitudes in Relation to Ethnic Pride and Ethnic Differentiation AUNE VALK University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia KRISTEL KARU Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel ABSTRACT. A comparison of 4 subsamples with the Ethnic Identity Scale (developed for the present study) yielded 2 relatively independent facets of ethnic identity: ethnic pride and belonging (EP) and ethnic differentiation (ED). First, the distinction between EP and ED increased understanding of how age and immigration status affect changes in ethnic identity. In a comparison of Estonians living in Sweden with those living in Estonia, only ED was affected by emigration and contacts with other ethnic groups, although both EP and ED were positively correlated with age. Second, the distinction between EP and ED increased understanding of earlier and seemingly contradictory findings about the con- nection between ethnic identity and ethnic attitudes. In the present study, EP was not cor- related with ethnic attitudes, but, for 2 majority groups, ED was positively correlated with negative evaluations of out-groups. The authors also discuss the role of group status and relationships with the target nation in understanding the relationship between ethnic iden- tity and ethnic attitudes. Key words: ethnic attitudes, ethnic differentiation, ethnic identity, ethnic pride, group status ETHNICITY is often seen as the focus of identity, and the ethnic dimension of identity may be one of the most salient and emotionally charged social identifi- cations (Caputi, 1996; Garza & Herringer, 1987; Liebkind, 1989; Weinreich, 1989). Compared with other social identities (e.g., national, regional, profession- al), ethnicity is not defined very strictly and is one of the most frequently ascribed categories besides race and gender. In a number of countries, religious belonging, racial belonging, or both replace ethnicity. However, this is not the case in Esto- nia and Sweden, where we conducted the present study. Another specific feature This study was supported by grants from the Estonian Science Foundation (1996, No. 2366) and the Research Support Scheme (1162/1996). We are grateful to Aino Laagus and Mai Raud-Pähn for their help in collecting data in Sweden and to Jüri Allik for his full support and critical comments. Address correspondence to Aune Valk, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tiigi 78, Tartu 50410, Estonia; aunevalk@ut.ee (e-mail). 583 The Journal of Social Psychology, 2001, 141(5), 583–601