https://biointerfaceresearch.com/ 13187 Review Volume 11, Issue 5, 2021, 13187 - 13201 https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC115.1318713201 Unmasking the Therapeutic Potential of Biomarkers in Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus Amit Gupta 1 , Tapan Behl 1,* , Aayush Sehgal 1 , Sanchay Sharma 1 , Sukhbir Singh 1 , Neelam Sharma 1 , Madhukar Garg 1 1 Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India * Correspondence: tapanbehl31@gmail.com Scopus Author ID: 56560241200 Received: 4.01.2021; Revised: 1.02.2021; Accepted: 3.02.2021; Published: 7.02.2021 Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most widely spread disorders affecting millions of people every year. Uncontrolled or chronic diabetes may lead to diabetes-associated complications. Conventional therapies often fail to define clear parameters and do not provide early detection of diabetes and pre-diabetes. Thus, there is a need to find a diagnostic method that can non-invasively help detect and prevent diabetes and associated complications. To combat this challenge, biomarkers' use has gained importance in the early detection of pre-diabetes and diabetes-associated complications. Detailed analyses from research and review articles were performed to elucidate the true potential of biomarkers in early detection, disease pathogenesis, risk prediction, and therapeutic monitoring in diabetes and associated complications. This review discusses the type of biomarkers, the progress, challenges, and short-coming related to biomarkers implications. This review also discusses the future directions in developing type-1 diabetes biomarkers focusing on genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic aspects. From the findings from the available data on research and development carried out in biomarker research, significant improvements and conclusive studies have been conducted to confirm the beneficial clinical effect in early detection of diabetes using the biomarkers. The data from these studies promise novel biomarkers' implication in detecting pre-diabetes, which may help reduce the mortality and morbidity associated with diabetes and associated complications. Keywords: biomarkers; type-1 diabetes; prediction; pathogenesis; pre-diabetes; diabetes-associated complications. © 2021 by the authors. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 1. Introduction Diabetes mellitus is considered one of the most widely spread "lifestyle" worldwide. It is a chronic metabolic disorder of the endocrine system affecting millions of people every year. In this condition, the endocrine system's homeostasis is disrupted due to the pancreas' inability to produce sufficient insulin. Thus, the body cannot effectively utilize the insulin that is produced in the human body. Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to metabolic disorders, leading to acute and chronic complications that may require immediate medical interventions. Some authors had also described diabetes mellitus as a syndrome of multiple etiologies characterized by disturbance in the human system of carbohydrates, lipids, and protein metabolism. This imbalance leads to a defect in insulin secretion, action exerted by insulin, or the combination of both these responses. As a result, chronic diabetes is associated with disrupting the organ function involving the eyes, kidneys, cardiac system, and blood vessels. These complications can lead to morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. As per the analysis by ICMR (Indian