https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085117691354
Feminist Criminology
2017, Vol. 12(3) 293–314
© The Author(s) 2017
Reprints and permissions:
us.sagepub.com/en-us/journals-permissions
DOI: 10.1177/1557085117691354
journals.sagepub.com/home/fcx
Article
Neglected, Protected,
Ejected: Latin American
Women Caught by
Crimmigration
Katie Dingeman
1
, Yekaterina Arzhayev
2
, Cristy Ayala
3
,
Erika Bermudez
2
, Lauren Padama
4
,
and Liliana Tena-Chávez
2
Abstract
The United States deported 24,870 women in 2013, mostly to Latin America. We
examine life history interviews with Mexican and Central American women who were
apprehended, detained, and experienced different outcomes. We find that norms of
the “crimmigration era” override humanitarian concerns, such that the state treats
migrants as criminals first and as persons with claims for relief second. Removal and
relief decisions appear less dependent on eligibility than geography, access to legal aid,
and public support. Women’s experiences parallel men’s but are often worsened by
their gendered statuses. Far from passively accepting the violence of crimmigration,
women resist through discourse and activism.
Keywords
deportation, crimmigration, Latinas, criminality, gender
Deportations from the United States skyrocketed in recent decades. In 2014, the state
expelled 414,481 persons—a 13-fold increase since 1990 (U.S. Citizenship and
Immigration Services [USCIS], 2015). Throughout much of the 20th century, poor and
working-class Latin American and Asian women were the most vulnerable to exclusion
and deportation (Chavez, 2008; Hondagneu-Sotelo, 1995). In the 1990s, “lawmakers
1
California State University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
2
University of Denver, CO, USA
3
Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas, San Salvador, El Salvador
4
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Corresponding Author:
Katie Dingeman, California State University, 5151 State University Dr, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA.
Email: mdingem@calstatela.edu
691354FCX XX X 10.1177/1557085117691354Feminist CriminologyDingeman et al.
research-article 2017