Research Article Blood Groups Distribution and Gene Diversity of the ABO and Rh (D) Loci in the Mexican Population Adrián Canizalez-Román , 1,2 Abraham Campos-Romero, 3 José A. Castro-Sánchez, 4 Mario A. López-Martínez, 5 Francisco J. Andrade-Muñoz, 5 Cinthia K. Cruz-Zamudio, 3 Tania G. Ortíz-Espinoza, 5 Nidia León-Sicairos , 1,6 Alma M. Gaudrón Llanos, 1 Jorge Velázquez-Román, 1 Héctor Flores-Villaseñor, 1 Secundino Muro-Amador, 1 Jesús J. Martínez-García, 1,6 and Jonathan Alcántar-Fernández 3 1 CIASaP, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80246 Culiacan, SIN, Mexico 2 Te Women’s Hospital, Secretariat of Health, 80127 Culiacan, SIN, Mexico 3 Innovation and Research Division, Salud Digna para Todos, 80000 Culiacan, SIN, Mexico 4 Medical Division, Salud Digna para Todos, 80000 Culiacan, SIN, Mexico 5 Clinical Laboratory Division, Salud Digna para Todos, 80000 Culiacan, SIN, Mexico 6 Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa, 80200 Culiacan, SIN, Mexico Correspondence should be addressed to Jonathan Alc´ antar-Fern´ andez; jonathan.alcantar@salud-digna.org Received 13 October 2017; Accepted 5 March 2018; Published 23 April 2018 Academic Editor: Maria C. De Rosa Copyright © 2018 Adri´ an Canizalez-Rom´ an et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Objective. To determine the frequency and distribution of ABO and Rh (D) antigens and, additionally, investigate gene diversity and the structure of Mexican populations. Materials and Methods. Blood groups were tested in 271,164 subjects from 2014 to 2016. Te ABO blood group was determined by agglutination using the antibodies anti-A, Anti-B, and Anti-D for the Rh factor, respectively. Results. Te overall distribution of ABO and Rh (D) groups in the population studied was as follows: O: 61.82%; A: 27.44%; B: 8.93%; and AB: 1.81%. For the Rh group, 95.58% of people were Rh (D), and 4.42% were Rh (d). Diferent distributions of blood groups across regions were found; additionally, genetic analysis revealed that the   and   allele showed an increasing trend from the north to the center, while the   and   allele tended to increase from the center to the north. Also, we found more gene diversity in both loci in the north compared with the center, suggesting population structure in Mexico. Conclusion. Tis work could help health institutions to identify where they can obtain blood products necessary for medical interventions. Moreover, this piece of information contributes to the knowledge of the genetic structure of the Mexican populations which could have signifcant implications in diferent felds of biomedicine. 1. Introduction More than a century has passed since the discovery of ABO system by Karl Landsteiner in 1901; this knowledge has contributed to the understanding of some mechanisms basis of heredity, and today it still has a great conceptual and clinical interest [1]; also, blood antigens had been related to predisposing individuals to some diseases like cancer, diabetes, infectious diseases, and heart illnesses [2–4] or protecting individuals against some diseases such as malaria and diabetes [5, 6]. Moreover, blood antigens had been used to evaluate ethnic diversity of human populations [7], for which they have been widely studied in population genetics [8, 9]. Te ABO and Rh blood groups are the most relevant antigens because their incompatibility produces hemolysis [10] and hemolytic disease of the newborn in the case of the Rh group [11]. Furthermore, blood antigens play an important role in the success of transfusions and organ transplants [12]; compatibility of ABO groups between donors and recipients Hindawi BioMed Research International Volume 2018, Article ID 1925619, 11 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1925619