Research Notes Issue 45 / August 2011 A quarterly publication reporting on research, test development and validation Senior Editor and Editor Dr Hanan Khalifa & Dr Ivana Vidaković Editorial Board Dr Nick Saville, Director, Research and Validation Group, Cambridge ESOL Dr Ardeshir Geranpayeh, Assistant Director, Research and Validation Group, Cambridge ESOL Dr Evelina Galaczi, Senior Research and Validation Manager, Research and Validation Group, Cambridge ESOL Dr Angeliki Salamoura, Principal Research and Validation Manager, Research and Validation Group, Cambridge ESOL Monica Poulter, Senior Assessment Manager, Assessment and Operations Group, Cambridge ESOL Production Team Caroline Warren, Research Support Administrator Rachel Rudge, Marketing Production Controller Printed in the United Kingdom by Océ (UK) Ltd.