animals Article Effect of Different Farming Practices on Lactic Acid Bacteria Content in Cow Milk Luciana Bava 1 , Maddalena Zucali 1, * , Alberto Tamburini 1 , Stefano Morandi 2 and Milena Brasca 2   Citation: Bava, L.; Zucali, M.; Tamburini, A.; Morandi, S.; Brasca, M. Effect of Different Farming Practices on Lactic Acid Bacteria Content in Cow Milk. Animals 2021, 11, 522. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020522 Academic Editor: Ton Baars Received: 8 January 2021 Accepted: 15 February 2021 Published: 17 February 2021 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). 1 Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; luciana.bava@unimi.it (L.B.); Alberto.tamburini@unimi.it (A.T.) 2 National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; stefano.morandi@ispa.cnr.it (S.M.); milena.brasca@ispa.cnr.it (M.B.) * Correspondence: maddalena.zucali@unimi.it; Tel.: +39-02-5031-6452 Simple Summary: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are the most important players to guarantee a correct cheesemaking process, and to define aroma profile and texture of the cheese. The natural prevalence of LAB in milk is variable, thus, the aim of the study was to identify the relationship between farm management practices, i.e., cow cleaning, bedding materials and management, ingredients in the feed ration and the presence of LAB and different other important groups of bacteria in cow bulk milk during different seasons. Information about farm management and milk bulk samples were collected in 62 dairy farms located in Po plain (Lombardy, Italy), most of them destined as milk for the production of Grana Padano Protected Denomination of Origin (PDO). Data from milk analyses and farm management practices were processed using multi-factor analyses in order to look for complex relations among variables, as in the farm environment. LAB content in milk did not result significantly different between seasons. Large farm dimension, high milk production and the application of a complete milking routine reduced microbial population in milk but promoted a high percentage trend of LAB on total bacteria count. The study underlined that the different management practices at the farm level could have an important effect on cheesemaking bacteria. Abstract: The natural load of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in milk is the basis of the production of raw milk cheeses, such as Grana Padano PDO. In the last decades, improvements in livestock hygiene management resulted in bulk cow milk with less than 20,000 colony forming units (CFU) of bacterial count, unable to ensure a sufficient supply of LAB, with a negative impact on cheese quality. This study investigated the relations between farm management practices and prevalence of different groups of bacteria in cow milk. Sixty-two intensive dairy farms located in Lombardy (Italy) where involved, most of them destined as milk for the production of Grana Padano. Season had no significant effect on the content of most of the bacterial groups, except for coliforms. A strong relation among standard plate count (SPC) and other bacterial groups was evidenced. Cluster analysis showed that the most productive farms applied a complete milking routine and produced milk with the lowest value of SPC, the lowest count of the other bacteria, including LAB, but the highest LAB/SPC. The study suggests that complexity of farming practices can affect the microbial population of milk. Keywords: lactic acid bacteria; milk; farming practices; milk quality 1. Introduction In Europe, raw milk must meet the legal requirements for the bacterial load (≤100,000 colony forming units (CFU)/mL) and it must be free of pathogenic microorganisms when intended for human consumption (Regulation (EC) 853/2004), that means parameters closely related to milk spoilage and safety. On the other hand, the bacterial load, which constitutes an indicator of hygienic-sanitary quality, is not itself a parameter which guar- antees the presence of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which are the leading players in the Animals 2021, 11, 522. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020522 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/animals