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Chapter 5
A Synthesis of Vote
Verifcation Methods in
Electronic Voting Systems
ABSTRACT
A large amount of research has been conducted to improve public verifability of e-voting systems. One of
the challenges is ensuring that diferent and apparently contradicting requirements are met: anonymity
and representation, vote secrecy and verifability. System robustness from attacks adds further complex-
ity. This chapter summarizes some of the known vote verifcation techniques and highlights the pros and
cons of each technique. Also, it reviews how diferent verifcation technologies cover diferent phases of
the voting process and evaluates how these techniques satisfy the e-voting requirements.
INTRODUCTION
The way people vote has evolved from paper based
systems, where voters use paper to write down
their votes, to the use of special mechanical or
electronic machines to cast votes electronically.
The technologies available are rather diverse
and include: punched card systems, optical scan
systems, Direct Recording Electronic (DRE), and
online (Internet) voting systems. The e-voting
systems have many potential advantages: it can
facilitate vote casting, it may reduce voter’s
mistakes (e.g., under-voting and over-voting), it
can speed up the election processes, and it allow
underserved (e.g., illiterate and impaired) voters
to vote in independence. In spite of the advantages
of e-voting, concerns about security and various
accidents occurred during elections have slowed
its adoption. The research in the area has thus
focused on methodologies and technologies to
support security properties of e-voting systems.
Another area of investigation has focused on the
usability advantages, promoting new ways of
casting preferences and votes. A large research
area is allocated to solve the verifiability problem,
which is how to allow voters and other partici-
Ali Fawzi Najm Al-Shammari
Free University of Bolzano, Italy
Adolfo Villaforita
Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Italy
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-5820-2.ch005