Research Article Concurrent Aerobic and Resistance Training Has Anti- Inflammatory Effects and Increases Both Plasma and Leukocyte Levels of IGF-1 in Late Middle-Aged Type 2 Diabetic Patients Giosuè Annibalini, 1 Francesco Lucertini, 1 Deborah Agostini, 1 Luciana Vallorani, 1 Annamaria Gioacchini, 1 Elena Barbieri, 1 Michele Guescini, 1 Lucia Casadei, 1 Annunziata Passalia, 1 Marta Del Sal, 1 Giovanni Piccoli, 1 Mauro Andreani, 2 Ario Federici, 1 and Vilberto Stocchi 1 1 Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy 2 Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Asur Marche Area Vasta 1, S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Urbino, Italy Correspondence should be addressed to Giosuè Annibalini; giosue.annibalini@uniurb.it Received 5 April 2017; Accepted 23 May 2017; Published 21 June 2017 Academic Editor: Mauricio Krause Copyright © 2017 Giosuè Annibalini et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is an age-related chronic disease associated with metabolic dysregulation, chronic inflammation, and activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a concurrent exercise training program on inflammatory status and metabolic parameters of T2D patients. Sixteen male patients (age range 55–70) were randomly assigned to an intervention group (n =8), which underwent a concurrent aerobic and resistance training program (3 times a week; 16 weeks), or to a control group, which followed physicians’ usual diabetes care advices. Training intervention significantly improved patients’ body composition, blood pressure, total cholesterol, and overall fitness level. After training, plasma levels of adipokines leptin (-33.9%) and RBP4 (-21.3%), and proinflammatory markers IL-6 (-25.3%), TNF-α (-19.8%) and MCP-1 (-15.3%) decreased, whereas anabolic hormone IGF-1 level increased (+16.4%). All improvements were significantly greater than those of control patients. Plasma proteomic profile of exercised patients showed a reduction of immunoglobulin K light chain and fibrinogen as well. Training also induced a modulation of IL-6, IGF-1, and IGFBP-3 mRNAs in the PBMCs. These findings confirm that concurrent aerobic and resistance training improves T2D-related metabolic abnormalities and has the potential to reduce the deleterious health effects of diabetes-related inflammation. 1. Introduction Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is an age-related chronic disease asso- ciated with a reduction in skeletal muscle strength and mass and an increase in body fatness and blood inflammatory markers [1]. The reduction of muscle mass leads to impaired physical function, high risk of falls and fractures, and worsening of glycemic control, since skeletal muscle mass represents the largest insulin-sensitive tissue of the body [2]. Moreover, the concomitant increase of fat mass is directly associated with insulin resistance and chronic inflammation in T2D patients [1, 3]. Indeed, adipose tissue is an active endocrine tissue that secretes adipokines, such as adiponectin, leptin, and retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), regulating glucose homeostasis as well as inflam- matory responses [4, 5]. Notably, subclinical inflammation also exacerbates overall risk of T2D-related complications, such as cardiovascular disease [6]. In T2D patients, a chronic increase in plasma levels of acute phase proteins, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen, has been observed in both cross-sectional and prospective studies [1]. Serum concentrations of cytokines and chemokines, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), have been Hindawi Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity Volume 2017, Article ID 3937842, 10 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3937842