Seawater-temperature and UV-radiation interaction modifies oxygen consumption, digestive process and growth of an intertidal fish M. Roberto García-Huidobro a, b , Marcela Aldana a, b , Cristian Duarte c, e , Crist  obal Galb  an-Malag  on c, d , Jos  e Pulgar c, * a Centro de Investigaci on e Innovaci on para el Cambio Clim atico (CIICC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tom as, Ej ercito 146, Santiago, Chile b Programa de Doctorado en Conservaci on y Gesti on de la Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tom as, Ejercito 146, Santiago, Chile c Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago, Chile d Fundaci on MERI, Chile e Center for the Study of Multiple-drivers on Marine Socio-ecological Systems, Universidad de Concepci on, Concepci on, Chile article info Article history: Received 21 December 2016 Received in revised form 15 June 2017 Accepted 19 June 2017 Available online 20 June 2017 Keywords: UV Temperature Weight gain Environmental stressors abstract UV-radiation (UVR) and temperatures have increased substantially over recent decades in many regions of the world. Both stressors independently have shown to affect the metabolism and growth in fish. However, because increase of both stressors are occurring concomitantly, to better understand their influences on marine species, their combined effects were evaluated. We test the hypothesis that UVR and temperature act synergistically affecting the metabolism, digestive process and growth of an intertidal fish. Two UVR conditions (with and without UVR) and two temperature levels (20  C and 25  C) were used. UVR increase the oxygen consumption and this was associated to opaque feces production. The absorption efficiency was higher without UVR at high temperatures (25  C) and with UVR at low temperatures (20  C). Finally, independent of UVR treatment, fish subjected to low temperature have higher biomass than those of high temperature. The interaction between UVR and temperature may influence on the physiology and growth of animals that inhabit in extreme habitats as upper intertidal, it could pose significant functional for aquatic animal survivorship. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Temperature and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) are two important global environmental drivers that can interact affecting different processes of marine animals (Day et al., 1999; Alton and Franklin, 2012; Kazerouni et al., 2016). Previous investigations have shown the effects each of these stressors (i.e. UVR and temperature in- creases) on marine organisms (Kazerouni et al., 2016). Investigating the responses of individual species to multi-environmental stressors provides a comprehensive framework for understanding their effects on organisms, populations, communities and ecosys- tems (Whitehead et al., 2004) UVR impairs cellular function, impacting/affecting all levels of biological organization (H€ ader et al., 2011; Williamson et al., 2014). Increased UVR levels provoke detrimental effects on growth rate, development, locomotors performance, survival, and immune functions in both vertebrate and invertebrate species (Leech and Williamson, 2001; Jokinen et al., 2001, 2008, 2011; Macias et al., 2007; van Uitregt et al., 2007; Bancroft et al., 2008; Sharma et al., 2005, 2008; Alton et al., 2011; Cramp et al., 2014). On the other hand, the temperature is the most important abiotic parameter influencing on marine organisms (Yao and Somero, 2014). The temperature plays a key role on the physiological responses, feeding, behavior, distribution range, ecology of organisms, and resistance to diseases of many species (Cossins and Bowler, 1987; Hill et al., 2012). However, the combined effects of these environ- mental stressors can be complex and unknown for many species (Byrne, 2011). The effects of UVR can be modified by the increase in temper- ature. For example, simultaneous exposure of amphibian embryos to low temperatures and high UVR levels caused a synergistic in- crease in mortality (van Uitregt et al., 2007; Searle et al., 2010). These responses have been interpreted as a great UVR damage at low temperature due to retardation of all biochemical reactions reducing the repair of UVR damage (Broomhall et al., 2000; Seebacher et al., 2016). The knowledge about effects of UVR and * Corresponding author. E-mail address: jpulgar@unab.cl (J. Pulgar). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Marine Environmental Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/marenvrev http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.06.013 0141-1136/© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Marine Environmental Research 129 (2017) 408e412