1 23 Journal of Applied Phycology ISSN 0921-8971 Volume 28 Number 3 J Appl Phycol (2016) 28:1827-1833 DOI 10.1007/s10811-015-0694-2 Effects of temperature and substrate variations on vegetative growth of spores of the brown alga Sargassum echinocarpum J. Agardh under laboratory conditions Waleed Hamza, Raymond Bogardus, Asma Ahmadani, Raja Al Meskari & Ahmed Al Hashmi