Using the Fossil Record to Establish a Baseline and Recommendations for Oyster Mitigation in the Mid-Atlantic U.S. Kristopher M. Kusnerik, Rowan Lockwood, and Amanda N. Grant Abstract Eastern oyster populations throughout the Mid-Atlantic region of the USA have been in decline for centuries due to overharvesting, disease, increased sediment pollution, and habitat destruction. By studying Pleistocene fossil oyster assemblages, it is possible to reconstruct baseline conditions and develop rec- ommendations for oyster mitigation. Fossil assemblages were studied from five Pleistocene sites located in Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina. Reconstructions of paleosalinity and temperature were used to identify modern and colonial sites with similar environmental parameters for comparison. Shell height and life span in Chesapeake Bay oysters declined significantly from the Pleistocene to today, at the same time that ontogenetic growth rates have increased. This pattern is driven by age truncation, in which both harvesting and disease preferentially remove the larger, reproductively more active and primarily female members of the population. By contrast, Pleistocene oysters from North Carolina did not differ significantly, in shell height, life span, or growth rates, from modern oysters. Although oyster management in the Mid-Atlantic States has focused historically on protecting and supplementing early life stages, this study recommends three potential management solutions to the age truncation revealed by comparison with Pleistocene oysters. Possible solutions include (1) implementation of a maximum size or slot limit on the fishery, (2) establishment of marine protected areas (MPA), or (3) significant lowering of exploitation rates. K. M. Kusnerik () Division of Invertebrate Paleontology, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, FL, USA e-mail: kmkusnerik@ufl.edu R. Lockwood Department of Geology, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA e-mail: rxlock@wm.edu A. N. Grant School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA e-mail: angrant@email.wm.edu © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 C. L. Tyler, C. L. Schneider (eds.), Marine Conservation Paleobiology, Topics in Geobiology 47, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73795-9_5 75