ResearchArticle
Effects of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth and
Nutrient Uptake by Young Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)
Jerome A. Dogbatse , Alfred Arthur, Godfred K. Awudzi, Amos K. Quaye,
Sampson Konlan, and Andrews A. Amaning
CocoaResearchInstituteofGhana,P.O.Box8,EasternRegion,Tafo-Akim,Ghana
Correspondence should be addressed to Jerome A. Dogbatse; agbesi2000@gmail.com
Received 6 January 2021; Revised 28 February 2021; Accepted 10 March 2021; Published 19 March 2021
Academic Editor: Maria Serrano
Copyright © 2021 Jerome A. Dogbatse et al. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Sustainable cacao cultivation in Ghana has been seriously hampered by high seedling mortality due to the low soil fertility of lands
used for the establishment of new cacao farms. Alleviating the low soil fertility to enhance sustainable cacao cultivation requires
the use of fertilizers. A study was therefore conducted at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana to determine the effect of
integrated application of poultry manure (PM) and sulphate of ammonia (SOA) fertilizers on survival, growth, and nutrient
uptake by cacao seedlings under marginal field conditions. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used to
evaluate the effects of six treatments. Traits assessed were percentage survival, height, trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), and
nutrient uptake. Results from the study showed no significant differences in soil N and K among the treatments. PM-amended
plots had significantly higher soil P than nonamended control and SOA alone. Seedling survival rate ranged from 73.3 to 89.3%
with a higher proportion of surviving plants in PM amended soils. e application of PM alone and its combination with SOA
improved growth. Cacao trees of T4 (75% recommended dosage of SOA + PM) had the largest TCSA increment, which was
significantly different from the other soil treatments. Leaf nutrient concentrations in cacao of T4 were higher than the other soil
treatments. It was therefore concluded that T4 could be used during cacao establishment in marginal areas for improved plant
survival and growth.
1. Introduction
Cacao (eobromacacao L.) is an important cash crop that
provides enormous foreign exchange about US$2.5 billion
per annum for Ghana and remains the mainstay of the
national economy [1]. Cacao cultivation is a major source of
livelihood for over a million farmers and their dependants in
rural communities of Ghana and contributes actively to the
economy of these communities [2]. Attempts by farmers to
increase cacao production are currently achieved through
the establishment of new farms and the rehabilitation of
aged/unproductive farms with mixed hybrid seedlings. For
the past seven years, the Government of Ghana through
Ghana Cocoa Board (COCOBOD) has been supplying
farmers with millions of cacao seedlings generated from
improved varieties to establish new farms or rehabilitate old
cacao farms. However, published statistics on cacao seedling
survival rates from farmers’ fields are difficult to obtain.
erefore, anecdotal evidence on the millions of seedlings
supplied annually to farmers suggests a high mortality rate in
their fields [3].
e high mortality rate that results in suboptimal plant
population densities is partly attributed to marginal field
conditions like inadequate soil nutrients and irregular
rainfall. Low soil fertility has been noted as one of the field
establishment stresses affecting cacao within the first year
after transplanting [4, 5]. e establishment of cacao farms
in Ghana has traditionally been dependent on the high
natural soil nutrient endowment in primary or older sec-
ondary forest soils [6]. However, these fertile soils for
growing cacao are becoming limited due to competition for
the cultivation of other crops. Consequently, many of the
tropical soils including the soils used for cacao cultivation
are characterized by low activity charges due to either
Hindawi
International Journal of Agronomy
Volume 2021, Article ID 5516928, 10 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5516928