Volume 3 • Issue 2 • 1000118 J Tissue Sci Eng ISSN:2157-7552 JTSE an open access journal Review Article Open Access Singha and Singha, J Tissue Sci Eng 2012, 3:2 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7552.1000118 Keywords: IVD disc; Nucleus pulpous; Biomechanical functioning; Tissue engineering; Silk- hydrogel; CMC; PVA- Collagen; PGA - Chitosan composites Abbreviations: IVD: Intervertebral Disc; AF: Annulus Fibrosus; NP: Nucleus Pulposus; EP: End Plate; CMC: Carboxymethyl Cellulose; PVA: Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber; PGA: Polyglycolic Alcohol Fiber; TE: Tissue Engineering; MMPs: Matrix Metalloproteinase’s; ADAMTS: A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Trombospondin Motifs; TIMP-1: Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloprotein; PCL: Polycaprolactum Fiber; ECM: Extra-cellular Matrix Introduction Lower Back Pain is a common clinical complaint in these present days. In fact most of these symptoms are rises from the biomechanical sources, and the Intervertebral Disc (IVD) is the main culprit in that case. IVD rests in the spinal cavity with the help of huge body pressure, compression force due our body weight (BW) and normal body movement [1,2] and given their close proximity to the spinal cord and other peripheral nerves [3,4], it is no surprise that complications with the IVDs can lead to serious neurological efects and become detrimental to multiple areas of the body and the complex loading behaviour [5] of the cervical discs and their frequent involvement in pain and pathology, it is important to understand their mechanical properties. In human body we can three types of cartilage tissue (network of highly densed connective tissue) like (i) annulus fbrous tissue (AF tissue) – present in synovial bone joint [6] (ii) elastic cartilage – present in outer ear, larynx and epiglottis [7] (iii) fbro cartilage – present in IVD, meniscus, temporomandibular joint [8]. So IVD is basically a fbrocartilage type of body tissue, when the jelly like NP matrix prolapsed it forced out to rupture outward and thus creating a pressure on its surroundings nerve tissue or column and these may leads to symptoms of sciatica [9,10,11]. IVD or simply so called disc is consist of mainly three parts (i) NP (Nucleus Pulposus) the inner jellylike substance at the centre part of the disc which primarily contribute to the torsional or twisting movement of the body, (ii) AF (Anulus Fibrosus)- the outer sof biological tissue part relatively much stronger than NP that is the central part relatively easily deformable and that is the peripheral part [12,13], mainly distribute the stress on spine and degeneration of these part is mainly responsible for LBP (lower back pain). AF governs all the mechanical properties like viscoelasticity [14], hyperporoelastic mechanical profle [15], aggregate or elastic modulus, permeability or disc tissue porosity, anisotrohical or heterogenetical biomechanical characterization. AF part also governs four main biomechanical spinal disc manifestations like: stress-strain rate trend, hysteresis, creep [16] and stress relaxation from the mechanical deformation. (iii) EP (End Plate) is the peripheral subcutaneous bony part which surrounds the IVD or disc ring for protection helps in disc recovery. EP is generally the subchondral bone layer and maintains the contact between IVD and spinal cord (SC). It has no relation with LBP. Te fuids fow inside the end plate play a main role for the recovery of the disc in vivo but in case of in vitro the role has limited (Figure 1). With ageing normally the AF layers gets dehydrated due to loss in hydration [17], so the disc bulging and fnally gives enormous pressure to its surrounding symptomatic spinal nerves (C3-C4: cervical nerve roots) by the disc protrusion- which may cause chronic back pain [18,19,20]. So the main concern about successful disc repairmen *Corresponding authors: Kunal Singha, Assistant professor, Department of Textile Technology, Panipat Institute of Engineering & Technology, Harayana, India, Tel: +091-9355928123; E-mail: kunalsingha28@gmail.com Mrinal Singha, Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, CU Shah College of Pharmacy & Research, Gujarat, India, E-mail: mrinalsingha@gmail.com Received January 11, 2012; Accepted June 15, 2012; Published June 18, 2012 Citation: Singha K, Singha M (2012) Biomechanism Profle of Intervertebral Disc’s (IVD): Strategies to Successful Tissue Engineering for Spinal Healing by Reinforced Composite Structure. J Tissue Sci Eng 3:118. doi:10.4172/2157- 7552.1000118 Copyright: © 2012 Singha K, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Biomechanism Profile of Intervertebral Disc’s (IVD): Strategies to Successful Tissue Engineering for Spinal Healing by Reinforced Composite Structure Kunal Singha 1 * and Mrinal Singha 2 * 1 Department of Textile Technology, Panipat Institute of Engineering & Technology, Harayana, India 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, CU Shah College of Pharmacy & Research, Gujarat, India Abstract Complex multi-lamellar biocomposite structure of Intervertebral Disc (IVD) imparts fexibility between adjacent vertebras, as well as allows transmission of loads from one vertebra to the next along the spine. The disc has a 15- 25 concentric layered laminate structure; each layer is reinforced by collagen fbers which are aligned at approximately 30 degree angle in successive layers with respect to the transverse plane of the disc. This fbrous organization is critical to the proper biomechanical functioning of the disc, such as to convert compressive force to lateral force, to withstand extrinsic tensile stresses (circumferential, longitudinal and torsion). As a result spine becomes fexible to bend and twist. With the regular aging the disc gets dried up lost its fexibility and biomechanical elasticity. That’s why we need tissue engineering of that degenerated tissue to make a proper ailment of that body part by the help of some textile fbers like silk- hydrogel, CMC, PVA- collagen, PGA – chitosan composites. The synthetic polymer has shown great promise for easiness of production, variability in properties and biodegradability and biocompatibity and non-immunogenic response inside the human spinal body for the novel cause of removal and restoration of degenerated human intervertebral disc. Journal of Tissue Science & Engineering J o u r n a l o f T i s s u e S c i e n c e & E n g i n e e r i n g ISSN: 2157-7552