Research Article
Rheology and Shear-Induced Textures of Silver Nanowire
Lyotropic Liquid Crystals
Teng Xu and Virginia A. Davis
Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
Correspondence should be addressed to Virginia A. Davis; davisva@auburn.edu
Received 6 September 2015; Accepted 26 November 2015
Academic Editor: Luca Valentini
Copyright © 2015 T. Xu and V. A. Davis. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.
We report the rheological and microstructural shear response of a mixture of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coated silver nanowires
and nanoparticle aggregates (Ag) dispersed in ethylene glycol (EG) or water (H
2
O). Biphasic and liquid crystalline dispersions
exhibited rheological characteristics similar to those of lyotropic liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs). Te viscosity versus
concentration curve for Ag-EG dispersions showed a viscosity minimum at a silver concentration between 2.2 vol.% and 2.9 vol.%;
this is indicative of the transition to an entirely liquid crystalline phase. Te rheology results were consistent with optical microscopy
observations that at 2.9 vol.% the sample was entirely birefringent; this is another indication of liquid crystalline phase formation.
Shear had a signifcant efect on the microstructure of the dispersions and dried coatings. Depending on the shear rate, worm or
shear banding Structures were observed.
1. Introduction
Inorganic nanocylinders (i.e., nanorods, nanowires, and
nanotubes) are promising materials due to their excellent
plasmonic, optoelectronic, and catalytic properties [1–3].
Tere have been ongoing improvements in the reproducibil-
ity and scalability of nanocylinder synthesis, but scalable
methods for controlled assembly over large areas remain
a persistent challenge. Fluid phase processing methods are
a promising route; both the scalability and infrastructure
for producing coatings from complex fuid dispersions are
well established [4–8]. In addition, many nanocylinders are
synthesized in a liquid dispersion. Experimental results have
shown that nanocylinder coatings and flms with controlled,
uniform orientation have signifcantly improved optical [9,
10] and electrical [11–13] properties, and they can be used as
building blocks for functional devices. However, controlling
orientation in nanocylinder coatings requires understanding
dispersions’ rheological and microstructural response to
shear.
Silver nanowires’ excellent optical, electrical, thermal, and
antimicrobial properties have caused them to be explored
for transparent conductive displays, solar cell components,
surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates, elec-
trochemical capacitors, and antimicrobial surfaces [14–17].
In our previous work, we reported demixed nematic liq-
uid crystalline phase formation in a system comprised of
polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coated silver nanowires and
nanoparticle aggregates dispersed in ethylene glycol/water
(EG/H
2
O) [18]. In this work, we report the results of
more detailed studies on the rheological and microstructural
response of these dispersions to shear. Te rheological prop-
erties are analogous to those reported for classical rod-like
liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs) [19–22]. We also report
that shearing the dispersions results in complex microstruc-
tures. For example, applying a shear rate of approximately
200 s
−1
results in a worm-like texture in biphasic dispersions;
this texture is stable for several hours due to the long
relaxation time of the high aspect ratio Ag nanocylinders.
At higher shear rates, the silver nanowires align at the top of
the coating while the spherical aggregates pack at the bottom
of the coating and shear banding can occur. Tis intriguing
range of microstructures is promising for the controlled
assembly of not only silver dispersions, but also multicom-
ponent dispersions of nanocylinders and nanoparticles.
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Journal of Nanomaterials
Volume 2015, Article ID 939587, 9 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/939587