Refractions and reflections Methods for the study of near, intermediate vision, and accommodation: an overview of subjective and objective approaches Veronica Vargas, MD a , Wolfgang Radner, MD b , Bruce D. Allan, MD, FRCOphth c , Dan Z. Reinstein, MD, MA(Cantab), FRCSC, DABO, FRCOphth, FEBO d , H. Burkhard Dick, MD, PhD, FEBOS-CR e , Jorge L. Alio ´, MD, PhD, FEBO a,b,c,d,e,f, * From Near vision and accommodation committee of the American-European Congress of Ophthalmology (AECOS) a Vissum Instituto Oftalmologico de Alicante, Alicante, Spain b Austrian Academy of Opthalmology, Vienna, Austria c Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK d London Vision Clinic, London, UK e Institute for Vision Science Ruhr University Eye Hospital, Bochum, Germany f Division of Ophthalmology, Universidad Miguel Herna ´ ndez, Alicante, Spain article info Article history: Received 1 March 2018 Received in revised form 2 August 2018 Accepted 6 August 2018 Available online 3 September 2018 Joseph M. Miller, Editor Keywords accommodation near vision measurement abstract Purpose: To present an overview of contemporary methods and metrics used to measure near vision, intermediate vision, and accommodation. Methods: A search in PubMed was performed with the following key phrases: near vision, intermediate vision, objective and subjective methods for the measurement of accommodation. For subjective methods, we included only those that are most widely used, had a scientific evidence of its outcomes, and have an easy availability at the doctor’s office. For objective methods, we included those aberrometers or autorefractometers that have been proven to give good repeatability and reproducibility in the study of changes in optical power of the eye along the accommodative process. Results: Near vision should be tested at 40 cm and intermediate vision at 63 or 80 cm. Accommodation should be measured with objective methods such as autorefractometers or aberrometers. Financial support: This publication has been carried out in the framework of the Red Tema ´ tica de Investigacio ´ n Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS OFTARED), reference number RD16/0008/0012, financed by the Instituto Carlos III - General Subdirection of Networks and Cooperative Investigation Centers (RþDþI National Plan 2008-2011) and the European Regional Development Fund (Fondo europeo de desarrollo regional FEDER). * Corresponding author: Prof Jorge L. Alio ´ , MD, PhD, FEBO, Avda de Denia s/n e Edificio Vissum, 03016, Alicante, Spain. E-mail address: jlalio@vissum.com (J.L. Alio ´ ). Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/survophthal 0039-6257/$ e see front matter ª 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.08.003 survey of ophthalmology 64 (2019) 90 e100