Research Article
Influence of Milling Media on the Mechanical Alloyed
W-0.5 wt.% Ti Powder Alloy
Hadi Jahangiri,
1
Sultan Sönmez,
1,2
and M. Lütfi ÖveçoLlu
1
1
Particulate Materials Laboratories (PML), Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering,
Faculty of Chemical-Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Ayaza˘ ga Campus, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hakkari University, 30000 Hakkari, Turkey
Correspondence should be addressed to Sultan S¨ onmez; sultansonmez@itu.edu.tr
Received 3 April 2016; Accepted 14 July 2016
Academic Editor: Debdulal Das
Copyright © 2016 Hadi Jahangiri et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Te efects of milling atmosphere and mechanical alloying (MA) duration on the efective lattice parameter, crystallite size, lattice
strain, and amorphization rate of the W-0.5 wt.% Ti powders were investigated. W-0.5 wt.% Ti powders were mechanically alloyed
(MA’d) for 10 h and 20 h in a high energy ball mill. Moreover, morphology of the powders for various MA was analyzed using SEM
microscopy. Teir powder density was also measured by helium pycnometer. Te dry milled agglomerated powders have spherical
particle, while wet milled powders have layered morphology. Milling media and increasing of milling time signifcantly reduce the
crystallite size. Te smallest crystallite size is 4.93 nm which belonged to the dry milled powders measured by Lorentzian method
afer 20 hours’ MA. However, afer 20 hours, MA’d powders show the biggest crystallite size, as big as 57.07 nm, measured with the
same method in ethanol.
1. Introduction
Tungsten (W) alloys are attractive candidate materials for
various high temperature structural applications due to their
excellent properties such as high melting point, high modu-
lus, high resistance of thermal shock, and low coefcient of
thermal expansions (CTE) [1, 2]. However, alloying of mon-
olithic W is mandatory for applications which require high
strengths at elevated temperatures since mechanical proper-
ties of monolithic W decrease signifcantly with increasing
temperatures [3–11]. Small amounts of nickel (Ni) added as a
transition element during mechanical milling (MM) and/or
mechanical alloying (MA) activate sintering and enable the
fabrication of fully dense W-based alloys and composites at
lower temperatures than the usual sintering temperatures of
W [7–13]. Similar to Ni, titanium (Ti) is probably a good
candidate in triggering activated-sintering mechanism in W;
however, its role as an activator in W has not been investigated
yet. MM and MA are complex processes which involve the
optimization of a number of variables to achieve a desired
phase or microstructure. Milling media, milling time, ball to
powder ratio, milling speed, and starting powder size range
infuence both the stages of milling and the quality of milled
product [14–16].
MA and MM in diferent milling media result in changing
of powder properties and consequently alter mechanical,
physical, and thermal properties of the fnal products. During
the MA/MM process, the fattened layers overlap and form
cold welds for sof powders which results in the formation
of layered composite powder particles consisting of various
combinations of the starting ingredients. On the other hand,
the work-hardened elements or composite powder particles
might be fractured at the same time. Tese competing events
of cold welding (with plastic deformation and agglomer-
ation) and fracturing (size reduction) continue repeatedly
throughout the milling period [17–19]. Finally, a refned
and homogenized microstructure will be obtained while the
composition of the powder particles is of the same proportion
of the starting constituent powders [20, 21]. Occasionally,
metal powders are milled in a liquid medium also named as
wet milling. However, if there is no liquid used during the
milling process it is called dry milling [22, 23]. During wet
milling, due to the low efciency such as retarding crystallite
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Indian Journal of Materials Science
Volume 2016, Article ID 7981864, 6 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7981864