https://doi.org/10.33805/2638-7735.126 Volume 3 Issue 1 | PDF 126 | Pages 5 Biochemistry and Modern Applications Citation: Rao HRG. Cardiometabolic diseases: biochemistry, pathophysiology and medical innovations (2020) Biochem Modern Appl 3: 1-5. 1 Review Article ISSN: 2638-7735 Cardiometabolic Diseases: Biochemistry, Pathophysiology and Medical Innovations Gundu HR Rao * Affiliation: Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lillehei Heart Institute, Institute of Engineering Medicine, University of Minnesota, USA * Corresponding author: Gundu HR Rao, Emeritus Professor, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lillehei Heart Institute, Institute of Engineering Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, Email: gundurao9@gmail.com Citation: Rao HRG. Cardiometabolic diseases: biochemistry, pathophysiology and medical innovations (2020) Biochem Modern Appl 3: 1-5. Received: Feb 10, 2020 Accepted: March 13, 2020 Published: March 20, 2020 Copyright: © 2020 Rao RHG. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract It gives us great pleasure, to write this invited overview on, Biochemistry, Pathophysiology and Medical Innovations, to the Journal of Biochemistry and Modern Applications. In an earlier article on a similar topic, we described about a biochemistry course, that is offered at the Cambridge University UK, called The Molecules in Medical Science, which focuses on diseases, that are familiar by name and of high relevance like diabetes and cancer. Harvard Medical School on the other hand, says, preparation of medical school in the 21st century, should reflect contemporary developments in medical knowledge, the pace of discovery and the permeation of biochemistry, cell biology, and genetics into most areas of medicine. Oxford Royale Academy looks at biomedicine the following way; -Biochemistry, as the name suggests, is where Biology meets Chemistry: it is the study of the living things, at a molecular level- or, to put it another way, the study of the very foundations of life. On the other hand, pathophysiology deals with a variety of altered metabolism, which drives the normal physiology out of gear, and promotes the development of risks, for various metabolic diseases. The Cardiometaboic Syndrome represents a constellation of metabolic abnormalities that are risk factors for the development of metabolic diseases, which in turn promote vascular diseases. Major metabolic diseases include hypertension, excess weight, obesity, and type-2 diabetes. Vascular diseases remain the number one killer worldwide, and have retained this status for over a century. There is considerable debate, about whether the treatment of the disease itself is superior, or just management of observed risks is enough? In view of such debates, there is a great need for the development of technologies that will facilitate early diagnosis and better management of progression, or regression of diseases. Furthermore, advances in research in the fields of genetics, cellular biology, molecular biology, and emerging diagnostic tools, will improve our ability to manage chronic cardiometabolic diseases. In this overview, we have discussed advances in the various fields, the disconnect that exists between the researchers and clinicians, as well as between technologists and the end-users. Keywords: Hypertension, Chromatin remodeling, Gene expression, Oxidative stress, Monoclonal antibodies Abbreviations: CVD-Cardiovascular Disease, CMD-Cardiometabolic Disease, PKC-Protein Kinase C, miRNAs-MicroRNAs, NIH-National Institutes of Health, T2D-Type-2 Diabetes, BPN--Type Peptide, PPG-Photoplethysmography, CTSAs-Clinical and Translational Science Awards, DM-Diabetes Mellitus, FPG-Fasting Glucose, OGTT-Tolerance Test, FDA-US Food and Drug Administration. Introduction Of the various metabolic diseases, obesity ranks number one, with more than 2.1 billion obese individuals globally (2013 figures, currently far greater number), then hypertension takes the second place, with over one billion hypertensive (1.1 billion in 2015) worldwide, and type-2 diabetes takes the third place, with close to half a billion diabetics. According to the European Society of Cardiology, depending on age groups, global diabetes prevalence is about 5% for the age group 45-59, 15% for the age group 55-59, and close to 20% starting at age group 65-69 years. Hypertension, also recognized as the „silent killer‟ is among the most common diseases worldwide, and leading contributor to the acute vascular events, associated with heart attacks and stroke. Hypertension is divided to two groups, primary (or essential) hypertension, which has no clear etiology and accounts for 85% of cases. The second group is called secondary, which accounts for less than 5% of cases [1-6]. A well-known risk factor for hypertension is the family history and increased sodium intake. Dietary salt is the most important factor contributing to hypertension. It is mainly attributed to impaired renal capacity to excrete sodium. Other than therapeutic interventions aimed at improving sodium clearance from kidneys, major clinical trials have been aimed at modification of dietary sodium intake. In view of this fact, recommended dietary guidelines limit sodium to less than 2,300 mg per day. Smoking and excess consumption of alcohol, metabolic syndrome, and obesity are other risk factors. In addition, there seems to be a positive correlation between central abdominal obesity (South Asian Phenotype) and increased blood pressure. A land mark study, demonstrating the benefits of reducing salt intake on hypertension is the Inter Salt Study, which is a meta-analysis focusing on salt and blood pressure in 28 randomized trials. At the cellular and molecular level, it has been shown that renal beta- 2 adrenoreceptor stimulation in the kidneys leads, to decreased transcription of the gene encoding WNK4, a negative regulator of Na (+) reabsorption through Na (+) Cl (-) contransporator in the distal convoluted tubes, resulting in salt-dependent hypertension [5,6]. How about the excess weight and obesity? The early origin of adult disease hypothesis suggests that obesity can develop in offspring from mothers exposed, to metabolic hardship or intrauterine growth