International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences | January 2021 | Vol 9 | Issue 1 Page 300 International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences Gujar D et al. Int J Res Med Sci. 2021 Jan;9(1):300-302 www.msjonline.org pISSN 2320-6071 | eISSN 2320-6012 Review Article Chapare mammarenavirus - a new deadly virus outbreak: a review Dnyaneshwari Gujar 1 , N. Sriram Choudary 2 , Chaitrali Joshi 1 , Nikhitha Raigir 3 , Shreshth Sharma 4 , Kommuri Baji Babu 5 , Rahul V. C. Tiwari 6 INTRODUCTION Mammerenavirus has gained specific interest in researchers and bio scientists in the last few years worldwide. Mammarenavirus is also known as arenavirus. It is mostly found in mammals but human transmission was not much appreciated before. Now it has gained an new fame in the virology as its human transmission case was reported in Bolivia has significantly improved worldwide. 1,2 In many countries of South America and abroad, the amplitude and therefore the magnitude of Mammarenavirus outbreaks has been increasing and detected. Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic are different techniques by whcih different novel viruses are 1 Department of Periodontology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India 2 Deptartment of Dentistry, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Medical College and Hospital, Perambalur, Chennai, Trichy national highway, Tamil Nadu, India 3 Intern, Bachelor of Dental Surgery, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery, Vikarabad, Telangana, India 4 Consultant Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India 5 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Government Dental College and Hospital, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India 6 Department of OMFS, Narsinbhai Patel Dental College and Hospital, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India Received: 01 December 2020 Revised: 13 December 2020 Accepted: 14 December 2020 *Correspondence: Dr. Dnayaneshwari Gujar, E-mail: dgujar26@gmail.com Copyright: © the author(s), publisher and licensee Medip Academy. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20205657 ABSTRACT In 2003 an emerging mammarenavirus (formerly arenaviruses) was discovered in Bolivia and named Chapare (CHAPV). It was related to severe and fatal haemorrhagic fever, being similar in clinical features to Machupo (MACV). In mid-2019, CHAPV was the explanation for a cluster of 5 cases, two of them laboratory confirmed, three of them fatal. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis and subsequent analysis of the entire virus S and L ribonucleic acid (RNA) segment sequences identified the virus as a member of the New World Clade B arenaviruses, which includes all the pathogenic South American arenaviruses. The virus was shown to be most closely associated with Sabia´ virus, but with 26% and 30% nucleotide difference within the S and L segments, and 26%, 28%, 15% and 22% aminoalkanoic acid differences for the L, Z, N, and GP proteins. LUJV, CHAPV, GTOV, and SABV, which are geographically restricted, have been associated with only a few to a few dozen cases. They are, therefore, relatively unimportant to clinicians compared to many other viruses that are usually co-endemic. However, MACV, JUNV, and especially LASV have caused large outbreaks (LASV has caused hundreds of thousands of infections per year). Visitors to countries in which these viruses are endemic, or war-fighters that are deployed to these countries, need to be aware of how to prevent and suspect a mammarenavirus infection. Keywords: Chapare virus, Mammarenavirus, New world epidemiology