Scaffold-Free Biofabrication Ana Raquel Verissimo and Koichi Nakayama Contents 1 Introduction .................................................................................. 432 2 Scaffold-Free Tissue Engineering ........................................................... 432 3 Classification of Existing Scaffold-Free Systems .......................................... 434 4 Aggregation/Spheroid-Based Approaches .................................................. 435 5 Preparation of Multicellular Spheroids and Construct Design ............................. 437 6 Bioprinting Methods and Equipment ....................................................... 439 7 Applications ................................................................................. 440 7.1 Blood Vessels .......................................................................... 440 7.2 Kidney ................................................................................. 441 7.3 Liver Regeneration .................................................................... 442 7.4 Periodontal Regeneration ............................................................. 442 7.5 Cartilage ............................................................................... 443 8 Advantages and Challenges ................................................................. 443 9 Conclusions .................................................................................. 445 References ....................................................................................... 446 A. R. Verissimo (*) Department of Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan Vascular Surgery Group, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK e-mail: ana.verissimo@nakayama-labs.com; av127@le.ac.uk K. Nakayama Department of Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan e-mail: ko.nakayama@gmail.com Electronic supplementary material: The online version of this chapter (https://doi.org/10.1007/978- 3-319-45444-3_16) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. # Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 A. Ovsianikov et al. (eds.), 3D Printing and Biofabrication, Reference Series in Biomedical Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45444-3_16 431