International Research Journal of Environment Sciences________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 4(7), 29-34, July (2015) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 29 Eco Biological Studies of Rural Fresh Water Bodies with Special Emphasis to Water Quality Assessment Shaikh Fahemeeda 1 * and Zeba Parveen 2 1 Environmental Biology Research Unit, Department of Studies in Zoology, Gulbarga University Gulbarga, Karnataka, INDIA 2 Bi Bi Raza Degree College and PG Research Center for Women’s, Kalaburgi-, 585104, Karnataka, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me Received 17 th April 2015, revised 27 th May 2015, accepted 16 th June 2015 Abstract The study aimed to understand the ecology and present status of the reservoir which is located in a semi-arid region where the water resource is limited. It provides drinking water for many villages of kalaburgi district and simultaneously is used for irrigation .A monitoring program of physical, chemical and biological variables of reservoir has being carried out for one calendar year from October to September. Water samples were collected on monthly basis .the parameters taken into consideration were water temperature, atmospheric temperature, PH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, total solids, total dissolved solid chloride, biochemical oxygen demand carbonate, bicarbonate total hardness nitrate and phosphate content .In order to determine the pollution status of the lentic water body, the seasonal variation s encountered in these parameters were analyzed. The study indicated marked variation in many of these factors at different season and many occasions some of the parameters were found to surpass the respective permissible limit. Keywords: Ecology, freshwater, reservoir, limnology and hydrology. Introduction Lakes and reservoirs hold a great promise as a source of freshwater demand of which will grow with passage of time. According to world health organization (WHO) estimates, about 80% of water pollution in developing countries like India is caused by domestic wastes 1 . In India, numbers of studies have been carried out to assess the water quality in terms of various physic-chemical biological characteristics and heavy metals of surface and ground water at various places 2 . Unfortunately, these ecosystems are being neglected and destroyed in rural as well as in urban areas. The main problem in their management involves responsible for water holding capacity. Innumerable lakes and reservoirs scattered all over the country need an urgent management plans for their protection, rehabilitation and conservation. By suitable remedial measures these water bodies can provide an ideal recreational site apart from other benefits like fish production, charging of groundwater table, conditioning of the climate etc. To achieve this, there is a need of a clear-cut lake and reservoir protection strategy as an integral component of natural water policy. In freshwater ecosystem there are some components of the biotic community. Among those, primary producer is more important component of the biotic community rather than secondary producer and carnivore because of the first one of the lowest tropic structure of aquatic ecosystem 3 . Due to the habitat of primary producer they could be divided into the phytoplankton and the periphyton (or benthic algae), and the periphyton could be also divided into epiphytic algae which may grow on plant leaves and stems, algae which may grow on stones and rock surfaces. In the present study an attempt has been made to bring out the present status of the reservoirs. It is includes the physical, chemical and biological aspects. Ecology can give roughly accurate ideas of how populations of plants or animals are surviving in their environment. This can help determine whether a fading species is given protective status by governing bodies, or whether an already endangered species is recovering due to conservation efforts. Freshwater ecologists can give a fairly clear picture of which way a species is going, and identify key factors that determine its situation. Humans benefit from the studies of freshwater ecology as well. As the largest component of the ecosystem, the water is constantly tested and analyzed for important data such as chemical composition and possible hazards. The work of freshwater ecologists can be used to determine the viability of a new drinking water source, or test a current water source for possible contamination. By protecting drinking water sources, ecological studies are contributing not only to the good of the environment, but the good of their own species as well 4-7 . Saunders and Kalff studied on nitrogen retention in wetlands, lakes and reservoirs and Reservoirs. Kirk assessed the competition in variable environments with plank tonic rotifers 5 . Many researchers studied on metal uptake in edible lagoon fish species from Ban de Dames, Mauritius, recorded the monitoring changes in hydro biological system 6-7 . Studies on species distribution, percentage composition and numerical abundance in north Vembanad Reservoir. Worked on impacts of predation by fish on zooplankton and benthic community in the profoundal of reservoir 8 . Water quality management of sustainable storm water streams. Margarita Fernandez Alaez studied on nutrient and predator influences on food web constituents in a shallow lake of northwest Spain 9 . Limn logical studies have attracted renewed interest throughout the world only in the beginning of the 20th century. Since then voluminous