Full Proceeding Paper
POTENTIAL OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF MAHKOTA DEWA LEAVES (PHALERIA MACROCARPA
(SCHECFF.) BOERL.) TO INHIBIT INFLAMMATION IN MOUSE DISTAL COLON INDUCED BY
DEXTRAN SODIUM SULFATE (DSS) AND AZOXYMETHANE (AOM)
MUHAMMAD ILHAM DHIYA RAKASIWI
1
, KUSMARDI KUSMARDI
2*
, ARI ESTUNINGTYAS
3
, ARYO TEDJO
4
1
Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia,
2
Department of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas
Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia,
3
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta,
Indonesia,
4
Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
Email: kusmardi.ms@ui.ac.id
Received: 02 Oct 2019, Revised and Accepted: 17 Feb 2020
ABSTRACT
Objective: To demonstrates the ability of P. macrocarpa leaf extract to reduce inflammation of the distal colon in DSS/AOM-induced mice.
Methods: In vivo experimental research using Balb/c mice induced by 0.2 ml azoxymethane (AOM) 0.1% once and 1% dextran sodium sulphate
(DSS) for one week; additionally, ethanol extract of P. macrocarpa leaves, 25 mg and 50 mg, and 0.84 mg acetosal were given orally. The mice were
sacrificed after 20 w. Histopathological examination (hematoxylin-eosin staining) was conducted by counting the average number of goblet cells per
crypt, inflammatory focus and angiogenesis.
Results: Ethanol extract of P. macrocarpa leaves was able to prevent the decrease in the number of goblet cells (p<0.05). However, the
administration of ethanol P. macrocarpa leaf extract could not reduce focal inflammation and angiogenesis in inflammation of the distal colon.
Conclusion: Ethanol extract of the Mahkota Dewa leaves is able to prevent inflammation of the distal colon by preventing the decrease in the
number of goblet cells.
Keywords: Angiogenesis, Distal colon, Ethanol extract, Goblet cell, Phaleria macrocarpa leaf
© 2020 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2020.v12s3.39490
INTRODUCTION
UC is chronic gastrointestinal inflammation that occurs in the
epithelial lining of the large intestine, which causes stomach pain,
diarrhea and gastrointestinal bleeding [1]. The global UC incidence
is 1.2–20.3 per 100,000 people annually, with a prevalence of 7.6 to
246 per 100,000 people. The incidence and prevalence of
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is high in European and
American populations, whereas in Asian populations, the number of
reported cases is low [2]. Patients with UC have a 50% chance of
recurrence and 20–30% require colectomy for treatment [3].
UC is a disease caused by immunological mechanisms that occur in
people with a genetic predisposition due to an immune system that
cannot normally respond to intraluminal antigens; antigens that
cause this immunological mechanism are commensal bacteria in the
digestive tract [4]. Histopathological examination shows a change in
cryptic architecture (shortening or branching crypts),
lymphoplasmasitosis basalis and Paneth cell metaplasia [5].
Currently, the choice of UC management depends on the degree of
the disease, distribution, causes, frequency of recurrence,
extraintestinal manifestations, previous treatment and side effects of
the drugs prescribed. The goal of UC management is to provide an
improvement in conditions with minimal consumption of steroids
while preventing disease complications. The first-line drug given for
mild-to-moderate UC is 5-ASA; this drug has been studied by many
researchers and shows positive effects in dealing with UC.
Unfortunately, 5-ASA can cause a number of side effects, such as
diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headaches and fever, so special attention
is required in the use of 5-ASA [6, 7].
Considering these serious health problems, there needs to be an
effective, efficient treatment with minimal side effects. Indonesian
people have long used many natural substances as medicines; one of
these is the Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) leaf. Numerous
studies have shown the pharmacological effects of the extract of the
P. macrocarpa, such as anti-cancer, antioxidant, antibacterial and
anti-inflammatory effects. One of the active ingredients of the P.
macrocarpa extract is phalerin, which works by suppressing the
expression of COX2 which causes decreased synthesis of
prostaglandin so that the inflammatory reaction is reduced [8].
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample size
The number of samples used in this study was calculated using the
Federer formula (t-1) (n-1) ≥ 15. The number of groups in this study
was 5 groups, so the number of replications in each group was:
(5-1) (n-1) ≥ 15 heads
(n-1)/4 15/4
(n-1) ≥ 3175
n ≥ 4.75
Based on the calculation of the formula above, five mice were
obtained for each group; in total, 25 Balb/c mice, which were
randomly divided into five groups, were used.
Material
Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) with a molecular weight of 36,000–
50,000 was obtained from Regent Science Industry Limited (RSC),
Hong Kong. The ethanol extract of P. macrocarpa leaves was
obtained from the Biopharmaca IPB Study Center, Bogor, Indonesia.
Experiment design
In vivo experimental research using Balb/c mice divided into five
groups. Each group consists of 5 mice:
1. The normal group (N) consisted of mice that were not given any
treatment.
2. The negative group (K-) consisted of mice given 0.2 ml AOM
0.1% w/v ip once for seven days and then given a 1% w/v DSS
solution through drinking water every day for seven days ad libitum.
International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics
ISSN- 0975-7058 Vol 12, Special Issue 3, 2020