WATER PRODUCTIVITY IN AGRICULTURE: CHALLENGES IN CONCEPTS, TERMS AND VALUES NADER HEYDARI * Irrigation and Drainage Department, Iranian Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AERI), Karaj, Iran ABSTRACT The concept of irrigation efciency rstly dened by Israelsen in 1950. His denition remained fundamentally unchanged for more than 40 years, until from the 1970s the denition was moderately changed and modications suggested. In recent decades the irrigation efciency concept has gradually been replaced, both in the literature and in practice, with the introduction of crop water use efciency (WUE) and later on with agricultural water productivity (WP). The issue of water management and interventions for its improvement runs across sectors. Different users and beneciaries of water have legitimate interests in how water is allocated and used in their own as well as in competing sectors. The language and terminology of the debate is of importance to the value that analysis can add to knowledge. Even expert discussions can be confused by ambiguous terminology, while the water-dependent sectors have no consistent terminology to distinguish between consumptive and non-consumptive uses, or recoverable and non-recoverable return ows. This paper provides an overview of the concepts of WP and its predecessors E and WUE, with a focus on WP for better planning and efcient use of water in the agricultural sector. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. key words: irrigation efciency; water use efciency; water productivity; efciency; productivity; irrigation; agriculture Received 5 June 2012; Revised 6 August 2013; Accepted 6 August 2013 RÉSUMÉ Israelsen (1950) dénit la notion defcacité de lirrigation (E). Sa dénition est restée fondamentalement inchangée depuis plus de 40 ans, jusquen 1970 où la dénition a été légèrement modiée, et des modications proposées. Dans les dernières décennies, le concept defcience de lirrigation a été progressivement remplacé à la fois dans la littérature et dans la pratique avec lintroduction de lefcience dutilisation de leau des cultures (EUE) et plus tard avec la productivité de leau agricole (WP). La question de la gestion de leau et des interventions pour son amélioration passe dans tous les secteurs. Différents utilisateurs et bénéciaires de leau ont des intérêts légitimes dans la façon dont leau est distribuée et utilisée dans leur propre secteur, ainsi que dans les secteurs concurrentiels. La langue, la terminologie du débat importent si lanalyse peut ajouter à la connaissance. Même les discussions dexperts peuvent être désorientées par la terminologie ambiguë, tandis que les secteurs tributaires de leau nont pas de terminologie uniforme pour distinguer entre les utilisations consommatrices et non consommatrices, ou les ux de retour récupérables et non récupérables. Ce document donne un aperçu des concepts de WP et de ses prédécesseurs E et EUE, avec un accent sur WP pour une meilleure planication et une utilisation efcace de leau dans le secteur agricole. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. mots clés: efcacité de lirrigation; efcience dutilisation de leau; productivité de leau; efcacité; productivité; irrigation; agriculture INTRODUCTION Making best use of our water resources requires proper physical accounting, so that allocations are clear and consistent with the available resource and making the most productive use possible of the water allocated to irrigated agriculture. Efcient use of water resources in the agricultural sector has been a great concern of water managers around the world, especially in arid regions. Different terms have been devel- oped to indicate and quantify how water is used efciently. The most common and importantly used term of the past is *Correspondence to: Nader Heydari. Assistant Prof., Irrigation and Drain- age Department, Iranian Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AERI), P.O. Box 31585-845, Karaj, Iran. Tel: +98-26-32705320; Fax: +98-26-32706277, E-mail: nrheydari@yahoo.com La productivité de leau dans lagriculture: concepts, termes et valeurs. IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE Irrig. and Drain. 63: 2228 (2014) Published online 26 November 2013 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/ird.1816 Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.