Citation: Javed, W.; Riaz, S.; Övgün,
A. Weak Deflection Angle and
Greybody Bound of Magnetized
Regular Black Hole. Universe 2022, 8,
262. https://doi.org/10.3390/
universe8050262
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Eleonora Di Valentino, Alessandro
Melchiorri, Olga Mena, Luca Visinelli
and Yi-Fu Cai
Received: 11 March 2022
Accepted: 22 April 2022
Published: 25 April 2022
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universe
Article
Weak Deflection Angle and Greybody Bound of Magnetized
Regular Black Hole
Wajiha Javed
1,†
, Sibgha Riaz
1,†
and Ali Övgün
2,
*
,†
1
Department of Mathematics, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Township Campus,
Lahore 54590, Pakistan; wajiha.javed@ue.edu.pk (W.J.); sibghariaz993@gmail.com (S.R.)
2
Physics Department, Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus via Mersin 10,
Famagusta 99628, Turkey
* Correspondence: ali.ovgun@emu.edu.tr
† These authors contributed equally to this work.
Abstract: In this paper, we examine the weak deflection angle and greybody bound for a magnetized
regular black hole. For this purpose, we apply the Gauss–Bonnet theorem on the black hole and
obtain the deflection angle in plasma and non-plasma mediums. Moreover, we investigate graphically
the effect of impact parameter on the deflection angle for regular black hole in both mediums. We
examine that the deflection angle goes to infinity when the impact parameter approaches zero. We
also observe that the deflection angle shows negative behaviour at q = 0.6 and q = 2.09, but at
0.6 < q < 2.09, the angle shows positive behaviour. Furthermore, we study the rigorous bound
phenomenon of the greybody factor in the background for a magnetized regular black hole. Later, we
analyse the graphical behaviour of greybody bound with respect to different values of ω and observe
that, at small values of ω, the bound increases, but for large values, the bound decreases. After that,
we examine that, when we put G = 1, l = 0 and q = 0, all results for the magnetized regular black
hole solution reduce into results of the Schwarzschild black hole solution.
Keywords: general relativity; gravitational lensing; magnetized black holes; Gauss–Bonnet theorem;
plasma medium; greybody factory
PACS: 95.30.Sf; 98.62.Sb; 97.60.Lf
1. Introduction
Black holes—a great prediction of Einstein’s theory of general relativity (GR) and, at the
same time, the understandable objects inside the universe—are of the utmost importance
for classical and quantum gravity theories [1]. A region of space having such a strong
gravitational field that matter or radiation, even light, cannot escape from it, is called a black
hole (BH). Initially BHs were known as “Collapser”, the term derived from the collapse of
a star; later, Wheeler put forward the term black hole [2]. A BH is an important tool for
examining and testing the fundamental laws of the universe. In fact, the Event Horizon
Telescope collaboration captured the first image of a BH [3].
In 1916, Einstein anticipated the existence of gravitational lensing (GL) and gravita-
tional waves as part of the basics behind GR [1]. Recently, the gravitational waves were
detected by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) in 2015,
which indicated that the theoretical predictions were well expressed with experimental
observations [4]. After the detection of gravitational waves, a wide range of gravity theories
faced many drawbacks, but the discovery of gravitational waves has gained interest in
the field of GL [5]. As the light emitted by distant galaxies passes by massive objects in
the universe, the gravitational pull from these objects can distort or bend the light. This is
called gravitational lensing. Gravitational lensing is a helpful method to understand dark
matter, galaxies, and the universe.
Universe 2022, 8, 262. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe8050262 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/universe