African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, Volume 6 (3) - (2017) ISSN: 2223-814X
Copyright: © 2017 AJHTL - Open Access- Online @ http//: www.ajhtl.com
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The expenditure patterns of Zimbabweans travelling to
and from South Africa for Visiting Friends and Relatives
purposes
Lianda Gamuchirai Dzikiti*
School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
Email: dzikitilianda@yahoo.com
and
Dr Clinton. D. van der Merwe
School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
Email: clinton.vandermerwe@wits.ac.za
Tel: +27 11 717 3173
Corresponding author*
Abstract
Tourism contributes to economic development in both developed and developing countries. Visiting
Friends and Relatives (VFR) travel is one of the largest forms of tourism on a global level. However,
there has been limited research over the past decades on VFR travel especially in developing countries.
In recent times, VFR travel has attracted the attention of researchers due to an increasing rate of
migration resulting in the promotion of regional tourism through VFR travel. Despite the influx of
migrants in South Africa, research on international VFR travel has been limited as most research on
VFR travel has been on a local level from one province to another. The purpose of this study is to
evaluate the expenditure patterns of Zimbabweans travelling to and from South Africa for VFR
purposes. Furthermore, the study seeks to identify the benefits of VFR travel to individual households
in Zimbabwe. Using a quantitative framework, 200 questionnaires were distributed to Zimbabweans
and a Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) was used as an analytical tool. Data analysis
and discussion of the results reveal that VFR travellers from South Africa spend more than VFR
travellers to South Africa on transport costs, food and beverages, entertainment and financial
remittances. The expenditure is based on socio-demographics and the actual expenditure at a
destination. Due to VFR travellers’ expenditure, the benefits, which are directed to individual
households in Zimbabwe, include household upkeep, education, business investment, health and other
reasons. Thus, this study focuses attention on international VFR travel and its contribution to the tourism
economy both in Zimbabwe and South Africa.
Keywords: Visiting Friends and Relatives (VFR), Tourism, Migration, Expenditure, Regional Tourism,
South Africa, Zimbabwe.
Introduction
The concept of Visiting Friends and Relatives (VFR) travel involves people travelling to a
different location from their place of residence to visit friends and relatives and is distinct from
other forms of tourism, such as business or long term travellers such as missionaries or
volunteers (Barnet et al., 2010; Papathanassis, 2011). Visiting Friends and Relatives (VFR)
travel contributes to international and domestic markets through various activities that people
partake in during the course of the visit (Morrison et al., 1995a; Morrison et al., 1995b; Seaton
and Palmer, 1997; Rogerson, 2017a; 2017b). Visiting Friends and Relatives (VFR) tourism
enables the tourists to have a feeling of being home, even though they are in a foreign land
or place, thus VFR can be practiced within national and international boundaries (Morrison et
al., 1995; Seaton and Palmer, 1997; Lehto et al., 2001; Uriely, 2010). The mobility of VFR