International Journal of Engineering Research and Development e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com Volume 8, Issue 1 (July 2013), PP. 10-33 10 Inside Planets and Stars Masses André Michaud SRP Inc Service de Recherche Pédagogique Québec Canada Abstract:- It can be shown that the mass of nucleons varies with adiabatic pressure inside celestial bodies and that such adiabatic pressure on the electronic escorts of atoms in the centre of celestial bodies reaching stellar mass ignition threshold through accumulation of primordial hydrogen is the triggering cause of nuclear fusion at the centre of such bodies. Keywords:- proton, electron, neutron, positron, Sun, critical velocity, supercritical velocity, adiabatic acceleration, corona engine, fusion reactor, second, meter, kilogram, kg, 3-spaces, nucleon dilation. I. MATTER IN THE UNIVERSE A. Stable elementary particles It is well understood that all stable bodies in the universe, from the smallest meteorite to the largest star are made of normal matter, meaning that their mass is made up exclusively of combinations of all possible stable and unstable isotopes of all atoms that can naturally exist, all of which can be found in the familiar Periodic table of elements. All of these atoms are in turn made up exclusively of a very restricted subset of only three stable and charged scatterable fundamental elementary particles, which are the electron, the up quark and the down quark. Careful study of the literature reveals that all quarks other than up and down are short-lived unstable partons, which means that none of them could ever be scattered against during non-destructive high energy electron-proton scattering. Unstable and virtual particles are discussed in the next section. All 3 stable and scatterable particles are considered "elementary" because absolutely all non-destructive collision experiments ever carried out, even the most energetic up to, but short of, destructive scattering, reveal that they behave in all circumstances as point-like particles, which means that we have de facto formal proof that they do not have internal structures, which in turn confirms that they are not made up of smaller particles. They are considered stable because unless they are physically destroyed by destructive scattering, they have an unlimited life span. Up and down quarks associate in groups of 3 to form nucleons ( protons and neutrons), that is, 2 up quarks plus 1 down quark, which have been proven through high energy non-destructive scattering to make up the scatterable internal structure of a proton (uud), while 2 down quarks plus 1 up quark have been similarly proven to make up the scatterable internal structure of a neutron (udd). The various elements of the periodic table and all of their isotopes are made up of all possible stable and metastable combinations of these nucleons, while electrons settle on the various possible electronic layers that define the measurable volume of the various atoms. When a photon is absorbed by an electron in an atom, this excess energy forces it to leave its rest orbital to move further away from the nucleus. If the amount of energy communicated to the electron is insufficient to cause it to completely escape the atom, it will momentarily stabilize on the furthest authorized orbital away from the nucleus that its newly acquired energy allows. Any energy in excess of the precise amount required to meta-stabilize on this new orbital but insufficient to reach the next authorized level further away from the nucleus simply over-excites the electron on this new orbital, an over-excitement perceived as "heat" at our macroscopic level. Photons are produced as such over-energized electrons lose this excess energy under the form of a photon as they fall back towards the nucleus until they ultimately reach the orbital closest to the nucleus that they can possibly reach, that is, the rest orbital, or "least action" orbital, for this electron in this atom. Photons can also be produced when nucleons in nuclei lose excess energy in a similar manner. B. Unstable and virtual particles Exploratory high energy scattering of fundamental particles can be carried out in two different ways, that is, non-destructive scattering and destructive scattering, and the absence of a clear description in textbooks of the difference between both types has been the cause of widespread confusion. Non-destructive scattering was used for a short period in the 1960's to explore the only two stable composite particles in existence, which are the proton and the neutron already mentioned as being the only components of all existing atomic nuclei. This process involves colliding neutrons and protons (nuclei of hydrogen and deuterium atoms captive in water molecules) with electrons or positrons having sufficient energy to enter the nucleon structure, but insufficient energy to knock the components making up their internal structure out of nucleons. This led to the