Journal of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis and Therapy Editorial Open Access Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Treatment Options Mujib Ullah* Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, California, USA *Corresponding author: Mujib Ullah, Email: ullah@stanford.edu Received: 11 February 2020; Accepted: 13 April 2020; Published: 17 April 2020 Abstract Coronavirus also called SARS-COV-2 showed highly pathogenic, caused severe or even life-threatening diseases, and still transmitted from person-to-person. Given fast evolution of the COVID-19 outbreak, world health organization declared its outbreak as pandemic. Until now, no drugs or biologics have been proven to be efective for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19. Mainstream medicine has little in its arsenal for viral diseases. Some promising agents are selectively RNA inhibitors, an antimalarial agent, an HIV protease inhibitor, and an infuenza viral neuraminidase inhibitor, which showed good clinical efcacy in treating COVID-19. Keywords: RNA virus; Coronavirus; COVID-19; World Pandemic Short Review Coronavirus are enveloped, positive-stranded RNA viruses with nucleocapsid [1-3]. So far it appears that COVID-19 predominantly afects the lower respiratory tract leading to break down of the lung cells, with infltration of fuid, hemorrhage, and infammatory cells into the alveolar space that manifest the disease further [2,4-6]. As a result of infammatory/repair process, these areas develop pneumonia [7]. Coronaviruses uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to target cells on the epithelium of the lungs, intestine, and blood vessels [5,8,9]. Many viruses require surface proteins for cell fusion and entry [8,10]. Coronavirus has three major proteins, named, spike (S) protein, envelope (E) protein, nucleocapsid protein (N) and membrane (M) protein [1,2,8,9]. The N is a structural protein that binds to the coronavirus RNA genome, thus creating a shell around the nucleic materials [2,8,9]. The S protein is responsible for host infection by facilitating the attachment and enables viral entry into the host cell [2,9,10]. ACE2 is an endogenous membrane protein that facilitates COVID-19 infection (Figure: 1) [8,10]. Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Scientifc Open Access Journals LLC. There is currently no vaccine or treatment for coronavirus disease [11,12]. The pandemic of coronavirus disease has accelerated the race for development of vaccines and other therapeutic options [11,12]. Chloroquine, a drug used to treat malaria and arthritis, was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to be tested as a treatment for coronavirus [12]. Chloroquine is being tested in various clinical trials, while other antivirals drugs are also planned to be fast-tracked for testing for coronavirus such as Favilavir and others as mentioned in Table 1 [2,11-15]. There is no specifc medicine to prevent or treat coronavirus disease. Listed drugs in table one may be used as supportive care to help the patients. References 1. Zhonghua Liu, Xing Bing, Xue Za Zhi. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China. Novel, C.P.E.R.E. 2020; 41:145-151. 2. Brian D, Baric R. Coronavirus genome structure and replication, in Coronavirus replication and reverse genetics. 2005; Springer. 1-30. 3. Ullah M. The Pandemic of Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Need for an Immediate Action. OAJBS.ID.000168. 2020. 4. Prompetchara E, Ketloy C, Palaga T. Immune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines: Lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2020; 38:1-9. 5. Sohrabi C. World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Int J Surg. 2020; 76:71-76. 6. Ullah M. Need for Specialized Therapeutic Stem Cells Banks Equipped With Tumor Regression Enzymes And Anti-Tumor Genes. J BiomedAllied Res. 2020; 2:1-6. 7. Zhang L, Liu Y. Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: A systematic review. J Med Virol. 2020; 92:479-490. Drugs/Compounds Mechanism of Action Classifcation Favipiravir/Galidesivir/ Remdesivir Potently inhibits the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase Antiviral Epetraborole hydrochloride Inhibits growth Antibacterial Saquinavir/ Nelfnavir Protease inhibitor Antiviral Carflzomib Proteasome inhibitor Antiviral Zanamivir Neuraminidase inhibitor Antiviral Ribavirin Broad spectrum antiviral agent Antiviral Bimosiamose Inhibitor of S protein and ACE2 Antiviral, Anti-infammatory Chloroquine Anti-malarial drug An antimalarial agent Actemra Inhibits the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase Antiviral, Anti-infammatory TJM2/AT-100/TZLS-501/BPI-002/ INO-4800 Neutralizing antibody, inhibit virus, vaccine Antibody, Anti-infammatory, Recombinant proteins Table1: Here is a list of the major coronavirus drugs that have the potential to become major coronavirus vaccines or antivirals for treating the coronavirus infection. Figure 1: Illustration of COVID-19 VIRUS.