ISSN: 2456-9348 Vol (02) _Issue (11) Impact Factor: 4.520 International Journal of Engineering Technology Research & Management IJETRM (http://ijetrm.com/ ) [28] MACROSCOPIC TRAFFIC FLOW MODELS HAVING SOURCE TERMS Amir Iftikhar 1 Muhammad Sohaib 2 Muhammad Alam 2 Waheed Imran 1. National Institute of Urban Infrastructure Planning (NIUIP), UET, Peshawar, Pakistan ABSTRACT In this paper, macroscopic traffic flow model having source terms has been presented. In maximum cases, source terms present the entrance and exit of the roads. So, to demonstrate the effect of inflow, models possessing source terms are extensively presented with their traffic predictions. These predictions are based on the real traffic data taken from the roads. These results can be used for further research in the field of traffic modeling. Keywords: Source term, homogeneous flow, traffic prediction INTRODUCTION Development and prosperity of the country depends upon the transport infrastructure facility of that country. These facilities improve the living standard of the people. These facilities have direct impact on the common man. In order to enhance the living standard, maximum utilization of all these facilities is necessary. This involves roads, roundabouts, intersections footpaths and all the other facilities that are used by the people. Roads are most important facility that is readily used by the public. Congestion is caused on the roads as they are underutilized. Traffic modeling is applied in order to use road to its maximum capacity. Traffic modeling is a method in which parallel are drawn from theories and equations and then compare with traffic flow. For example a well known fluid model is compared with the traffic flow. The particle of the fluid is considered as one vehicle. The vehicles on the road are similar to the particles in the fluid. In order to use the road to its maximum capability, different traffic flow models are used. This analyzes the traffic flow on road. Designers use these models for design of any road facility. There are three types of traffic models macroscopic models, microscopic model and mesoscopic models. The macroscopic model takes into account all the vehicles present on the road, in fact it is the cumulative behavior of the vehicles on the road. The microscopic model considers a single vehicle throughout the modeling process. The mesoscopic models consider both the microscopic and the macroscopic behavior[1]. These traffic models consist of different traffic parameters. These parameters are the speed, density, flow etc. Density is the no of vehicles per unit length. The flow is defined as the no of vehicles per unit time. Headway distance is the distance between two successive cars. Lateral distance is the distance between two lateral cars. Background: The first model derived LWR model was late in 1955.LWR model was proposed by Lighthill and Whitham and Richards. An LWR model consists of continuity equation, taken from fluid mechanics[1]. The LWR is given below (1) is the density while is the flow of traffic This model is the basis of all the other first order models. This was the breakthrough in the field of traffic modeling. This model is considered as the basic model in the field of traffic modeling. This model gave the traffic prediction for long infinite road. There is no concept of exits and entrances in this model. This model is based on idealized conditions. This model is further considered in other source term models.