ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE The Eastern side of the Westernmost Europeans: Insights from subclades within Y-chromosome haplogroup J-M304 Licínio Manco 1,2 | Joana Albuquerque 1 | Maria Francisca Sousa 3 | Rui Martiniano 4 | Ricardo Costa de Oliveira 5 | Sofia Marques 3,6 | Ver onica Gomes 3,6 | Ant onio Amorim 3,6,7 | Luís Alvarez 3,6 | Maria Jo~ ao Prata 3,6,7 1 Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal 2 Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal 3 Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal 4 The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, United Kingdom 5 Department of Sociology, Universidade Federal do Paran a, Curitiba, Brazil 6 Instituto de Investigaç~ ao e Inovaç~ ao em Sa ude (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal 7 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto (FCUP), Porto, Portugal Correspondence Licínio Manco, Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal. Email: lmanco@antrop.uc.pt Funding information Fundaç~ ao para a Ci^ encia e a Tecnologia, Grant/Award Number: SFRH/BPD/ 76207/2011, UID/ANT/00283/2013 Abstract Objectives: We examined internal lineages and haplotype diversity in Portuguese samples belonging to J-M304 to improve the spatial and temporal understanding of the introduction of this haplogroup in Iberia, using the available knowledge about the phylogeography of its main branches, J1-M267 and J2-M172. Methods: A total of 110 males of Portuguese descent were analyzed for 17 Y- chromosome bi-allelic markers and seven Y-chromosome short tandem repeats (Y- STR) loci. Results: Among J1-M267 individuals (n 5 36), five different sub-haplogroups were identified, with the most common being J1a2b2-L147.1 (72%), which encompassed the majority of representatives of the J1a2b-P58 subclade. One sample belonged to the rare J1a1-M365.1 lineage and presented a core Y-STR haplotype consistent with the Iberian settlement during the fifth century by the Alans, a people of Iranian herit- age. The analysis of J2-M172 Portuguese males (n 5 74) enabled the detection of the two main subclades at very dissimilar frequencies, J2a-M410 (80%) and J2b-M12 (20%), among which the most common branches were J2a1(xJ2a1b,h)-L26 (22.9%), J2a1b(xJ2a1b1)-M67 (20.3%), J2a1h-L24 (27%), and J2b2-M241 (20.3%). Conclusions: While previous inferences based on modern haplogroup J Y- chromosomes implicated a main Neolithic dissemination, here we propose a later arrival of J lineages into Iberia using a combination of novel Portuguese Y-chromosomal data and recent evidence from ancient DNA. Our analysis suggests that a substantial tranche of J1-M267 lineages was likely carried into the Iberian Peninsula as a consequence of the trans-Mediterranean contacts during the first millennium BC, while most of the J2-M172 lineages may be associated with post-Neolithic population movements within Europe. KEYWORDS Y-chromosome haplogroup J, J1-M267, J2-M172, Y-STR haplotypes, Portugal 1 | INTRODUCTION Located at the southwestern edge of Europe, the Iberian Pen- insula has been subject to diverse population movements throughout pre-history, including the first farmer migration during the Neolithic (Mathieson et al., 2015; Olalde et al., 2015), and, in historical times, the Arab-Berber occupation and the Jewish diaspora (Adams et al., 2008; Botigu e et al., 2013; Regueiro, Garcia-Bertrand, Fadhlaoui-Zid,  Alvarez, & Herrera 2015). The study of Y-chromosome diversity can Am J Hum Biol. 2017;e23082. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23082 wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ajhb V C 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. | 1 of 8 Received: 24 May 2017 | Revised: 22 September 2017 | Accepted: 5 November 2017 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23082 American Journal of Human Biology