Cytotoxic effect of Salvadora persica extracts on human gingival fibroblast cells Hanan A. Balto, BDS, MSc, Khaled K. Al-Manei, BDS, Talal M. Bin-Mohareb, BDS, Zahid A. Shakoor, MD, PhD, Solaiman M. Al-Hadlaq, MS, PhD. !"#$%!&$ W¦ Ò Kස« U¹öÓ š vK Ó Ž „«— Ó _«  UBK² Ô * ÂU Ó ස« dOLQÓ ²ස« rOOIÓ ²ස ∫·«b¼_« Æ©HGFs® ÊU½ûස WOHO Ò Kස« Â2012 u¹UහË d¹UM¹ 5Ð Uහ …d²Hස« ‰öš WÝ«—  bස« Ác¼ X¹dl Ô √ ∫WI¹dDස« ¨ÊUMÝ_« VÞ WOKෂ ¨ÊUMÝ_« ”uÓ ð Y×Ð wÝd Ô ෂ lහ ÊËUFÓ ²සUÐ WЫ–  ≈ - ÆW¹œuFස« WOÐdFස« WJKL*« ¨÷U¹dස« ¨œuFÝ pK*« WFහUl ¨ U²OÝ√ qO¦¹ù«Ë ¨ÊUJNස« ∫WOසUÓ ²ස«  U³¹c Ô *UÐ „«— Ó _«  UBK² Ô හ Ør-Kහ 0.5 ULNMහ Ì bŠ« Ó Ë qJ ස Ê«eOෂdð Ó Âb²Ý Ô √Ë ¨‰u½U¦¹ù«Ë U¹öš Ó b{ UNස ÂU Ó ස« dOLQÓ ²ස« rOOI²ස pස Ó –Ë qහØr-Kහ 1 dšü«Ë qහ  Uu×Ô  WLö Ó L qL Ó Ž Ò - rOOIÓ ²ස« «c¼ ¡«dl  ùË ÆÊU Ó ½ûස WOHO Ò Kස« W¦ Ò Kස« wzUML ≠5¨2≠©qO¦Oහ ≠2≠‰Ë“UO¦ස« qO¦Oහ wzUML ©3- ©4,5-W¹d³හ WŽ“U½Ë ¨©MTS® ©‰Ëeස« wŽUЗ ¨bOහËdÐ ÂuOසËeස« wŽUЗ qOMO ZzU² Ó Mස« dOH²ස Ë Æ©CV® w-HM³ස« —uK³ස«Ë ¨©LDH® pOM³Kස« dOž œ«u*« d³²Fð YOŠ ¨WO Ò ³Dස« œ«u Ó *« rOOI²ස WO*UFස« dO¹UF*« Xහb²Ý« .>70% W Ò O(« U¹ö Ó )« W³½ XGKÐ «–≈ WහUÝ  U³¹c Ô හ w „«— Ó _«  UBK² Ô හ Ê Ó √ WÝ«—  bස« Á  c¼  d ÓNþ Ó √ ∫ZzU²Mස« ÊUJNස«Ë ¨qහØr-Kහ1 Ë ¨qහØr-Kහ 0.5 t¹eOෂd²Ð ‰u½U¦¹ù« w  ÆÂU Ó ස« dOLQÓ ²ස« sහ WOසUÓ š X½U Ó ෂ qහØr-Kහ 0.5 eOෂd²ස« bMŽ  UŽuL- Ó *UÐ t²Ó ½—UI Ô හ bMŽ ÊUJNස« V¹c  * qහØr-Kහ 1 Ê Ó √ 5Š W Ò O(« U¹ö Ó )« W³½ X½Uෂ YOŠ ÂU Ó ස« dOLQÓ ²ස« iF Ó Ð dNþ Ó √ WDÐUCස« CVË ¨ ©p=0.01®86% LDHË ¨©p=0.045®88% MTS W Ò O(« U¹ö Ó )« W³½ X½Uෂ pස– vස≈ Î WU{≈ Æ ©p=0.002®88%  U²OÝ√ qO¦¹ù« V¹c Ô  * „«— Ó _« hK²හ sහ qහØr-Kහ 0.5eOෂd²ස ULෂ Æ80% CVË ¨81% LDHË ¨ MTS 91%wසUÓ ²ස«  u×Mස« vKŽ WOHO Ò Kස« W¦ Ò Kස« U¹öÓ š Ó b{ ÂU Ó ස« dOLQÓ ²ස« sහ vKŽ Ó _« b Ó (« Ê√ kŠu Ô ස  U²OÝ√ qO¦¹ù« V¹c Ô * qහØr-Kහ 1 eOෂdð bMŽ X½U Ó ෂ ÊU½ûස CVË ¨40% LDHË ¨60% MTS W Ò O(« U¹ö)« W³½ X½Uෂ YOŠ Æ©p=0.0001® 66% ¨ÊUJNස«Ë ‰u½U¦¹ùUÐ WD³ðd*« WOLKස ‰u³I*« Èu²*« ∫W9U)« UNහ«b²Ýô rOOI²ස« sහ b¹eහ vස≈ ÃU²×¹ ¨„«—_«  UBK²හ ÆWO³Kස« W'UF*« w Ídස« ‰uK×Lෂ Objectives: To assess the cytotoxic potential of Salvadora persica (S. persica) extracts on human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells. Methods: is study was conducted between January and May 2012 in collaboration with Dental Caries Research Chair, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Extracts of S. persica using hexane, ethylacetate, and ethanol as solvents at concentrations of 0.5 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against HGFs using the 3 cytotoxic assays: (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, a tetrazole) (MTS), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and crystal violet (CV). International standards for the evaluation of medical materials recommended cut-off value of cell survival >70% was used for interpretation of the results. Results: Ethanol extract of S. persica at 0.5 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml and hexane extract of S. persica at 0.5 mg/ml were completely devoid of cytotoxic activity, hexane extract at 1 mg/ml in comparison with controls demonstrated some cytotoxicity with cell survival of 88% (p=0.045) in MTS, 86% (p=0.01) in LDH, and 88% (p=0.002) in CV assays. Similarly, ethyl acetate extract of S. persica at 0.5 mg/ml maintained cell viability of 91% in MTS, 81% in LDH, and 80% in CV assays. Maximum cytotoxicity against HGFs was observed with ethyl acetate extract of S. persica at 1 mg/ml with cell survival of 60% in MTS, 40% in LDH, and 66% CV assays (p=0.0001). Conclusion: e acceptable level of cytotoxicity associated with S. persica ethanol and hexane extracts requires further evaluation to be used as irrigation solutions in endodontic treatment. Saudi Med J 2014; Vol. 35 (8): 810-815 From the Dental Caries Research Chair (Balto, Al-Hadlaq), Division of Endodontics (Al-Manei), Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Department of Pathology (Shakoor), College of Medicine and University Hospitals, King Saud University, Security Forces Hospital (Bin-Mohareb), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Received 17th April 2014. Accepted 24th June 2014. Address correspondence and reprint request to: Dr. Hanan Balto, Department of Restorative Dental Science, Division of Endodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, PO Box 62645, Riyadh 11545, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Tel. +966 (11) 4677420. E-mail: h_balto@yahoo.com 810 Saudi Med J 2014; Vol. 35 (8) www.smj.org.sa 810 Saudi Med J 2014; Vol. 35 (8) www.smj.org.sa OPEN ACCESS