704 Int. J. Middle East Stud. 31 (1999) subjects of the sultan (dhimmi) and foreigners (musta D min). In particular, he shows how Roma- nians who entered territories directly under Ottoman control before the second half of the 16th century were usually treated as musta D min, whereas afterward their status became close to that of dhimmi. Such a situation, he finds, was reflected on a broader scale in the treatment of the principalities themselves. He rejects the definition of their status by ddr al- c ahd, which is widely accepted in Romanian historiography, arguing instead that such a conception belongs to the Shafi juridical school. More in keeping with Ottoman legal theory and practice, he insists, is the Hanafi doctrine of dar al-muwada c a (abode of armistice) and dar al-dhimma (abode of protection-tribute), which corresponded best to the two main stages in the evolu- tion of the Ottoman-Romanian connection. These few remarks will suggest the broad scope and innovative approaches of Panaite's inquiry. In reaching his conclusions, he has consulted the considerable interpretive literature in Western languages as well as the Islamic and Ottoman Turkish sources, while his extensive citations of works by Romanian scholars constitute an indispensable starting point for the study of Ottoman-Romanian relations in general. He has avoided forcing his material into a preconceived mold, weighing instead various sides of controversial issues, and only then proposing conclusions of his own. The result is a significant work of synthesis. BULENT ARAS, Palestinian Israeli Peace Process and Turkey (New York: Nova Science Pub- lishers, Inc., 1998). Pp. 196. $59.00 cloth. REVIEWED BY HANNA Y. FREIJ, Department of Political Science, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio The stated objective of this book is to examine the Palestinian-Israeli peace process in light of the restructuring of the international system from 1947 to the present (p. 2). Although the author does not offer a theoretical paradigm to guide his examination of the case study, one assumes that he intends to apply the realist framework. In his choice of a title, the author gives us the impression that Turkey will be a central part of the analysis; however, Turkey is dealt with only in Chapter 5. The manner and limitations of this chapter suggest it was added as an afterthought. This reader would have liked to see a discussion of Turkey's role in each of the book's chapters. The historical epoch that the book covers is far too ambitious to be treated properly in such a limited number of pages and with an argument of such an ambigu- ous nature. Aras divides the book into five chapters and a Conclusion. Each chapter discusses a period specified by the author, but he neglects to tell us the basis of such a division. In the first chapter, we are told that power played a role in the internationalization of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, especially after the 1956 crisis (p. 13). Aras claims that this event signaled the emergence of Palestinian identity. He argues that the 1956 Suez War internation- alized the Palestinian question, but he does not tell us whether the Palestinians themselves shared this perception and acted on it. However, the distinct emergence and crystallization of Palestinian identity did not fully occur until after the 1967 War, while the post-1956 period witnessed the submersion of Palestinian identity and politics into the context of Arab nation- alism. Moreover, the discussion of the period is cursory and filled with long quotations from international documents without illustrating their significance. The second chapter covers the Jordanian civil war of 1970 to 1988. A great number of in- ternational and domestic turning points occurred during this period; however, most are treated in a quick, superficial manner. The Jordanian civil war is discussed very briefly, with hardly any reference to the extensive literature dealing with the subject. Important contexts—