J Adv Nurs. 2022;00:1–20. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jan | 1 © 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
1 | INTRODUCTION
Despite 21st century medical and technological advances, access
to palliative care remains tenuous, if not impossible for a majority
of people living in low- and middle-income countries (World Health
Organization, 2020). The World Health Organization (2020) reports
that 40 million people need palliative care services worldwide, but
accessibility is limited due to a lack of human or financial resources
to provide services or a lack of understanding of palliative care deliv-
ery goals. The Canadian Society of Palliative Care Physicians (2016)
states that only 30% of Canadians have access to palliative care.
Although a majority of Canadians wish to die at home, the Canadian
Institute for Health Information (CIHI) underlines that “fewer than 1
in 6 people (15%) who died in 2016–2017 received palliative home
care while those who received palliative care received it only in the
last month of life” (CIHI, 2018, p. 6).
Received: 12 January 2022
|
Revised: 9 March 2022
|
Accepted: 26 April 2022
DOI: 10.1111/jan.15287
REVIEW
Integrative review of the needs and challenges of indigenous
palliative care in rural and remote settings
Louise Racine
1
| Susan Fowler-Kerry
1
| Harini Aiyer
2
1
College of Nursing, University of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
Canada
2
Department of Community Health
and Epidemiology, College of Medicine,
University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon,
Saskatchewan, Canada
Correspondence
Louise Racine, College of Nursing,
University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon
S7N 5E5, SK, Canada.
Email: louise.racine@usask.ca
Funding information
This research received funding from
Collaborative Research Grant provided
by the Saskatchewan Health Research
Foundation, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
Canada.
Abstract
Aims: To appraise and synthesize the empirical literature on the needs and challenges
of Indigenous peoples' accessibility to palliative care in rural and remote settings.
Design: Whittemore and Knafl’s updated approach to integrative reviews, PRISMA
guidelines and CASP (2020) checklists for narrative analysis were followed.
Data Sources: A systematic search of the published empirical literature from 1 January
2015 to 31 December 2021 was undertaken in five databases.
Review Methods: Twenty-four studies met the research question and the inclusion
criteria.
Results: Four themes describe the findings: Respect of Indigenous cultural beliefs
on death and dying, connection to the land, needs for culturally responsive care and
presence of institutional and systemic barriers. These themes indicate a pressing need
to increase the accessibility and utilization of palliative care. Most of the studies were
qualitative and conducted by teams of Indigenous and non-Indigenous researchers.
Conclusion: Integrating Indigenous knowledge and providing culturally responsive
palliative care are steps towards achieving the decolonization of palliative care and
responding to Indigenous people's needs of palliative care services. Institutional and
systemic racism affect Indigenous peoples' access and delivery of palliative services
in Canada and globally.
Impact: The review highlights the need for establishing partnerships and building
local capacity with Indigenous communities to develop and implement culturally re-
sponsive palliative care programmes in remote locations.
KEYWORDS
cultural competency, cultural safety, death, dying, end-of-life care, Indigenous caregivers,
Indigenous peoples, integrative review, nursing practice, palliative care