In “Australian Perspectives on Indigenous Knowledge”, edited by Marcia Langton and Michael-Shawn Fletcher. Melbourne University Press (2023) Research Frameworks in Indigenous Astronomy Duane Hamacher 1 and Martin Nakata 2 1 ASTRO-3D Centre of Excellence and the School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC, 3010 2 Indigenous Education and Research Centre, James Cook University, Douglas QLD 4814 Corresponding Author Email: duane.hamacher@unimelb.edu.au Introduction Understanding the complexity and evolution of the universe, as well as our place in the cosmos, merits research from both scientific and cultural perspectives. To accomplish this, we must look for ways we can integrate scientific studies about the physical structure and evolution of the Universe with cultural systems of knowledge about the stars. This approach examines the Cultural Interface (Nakata 2010) between astronomy and Indigenous Knowledges to find ways these different ways of knowing can provide mutual benefits. The study of Indigenous astronomy - the bodies of locally developed knowledge about the stars - is an increasingly popular topic globally, particularly in Australia. One of the driving forces behind this research is to confront and correct ongoing colonial practices that degrade traditional Indigenous ways of knowing by dismissing them as “myth and legend” and conflating them with dogmatic religious Creationism (Clements et al. 2021). Some prominent voices in science communication (e.g. Dawkins 2021; Krauss 2022) dismiss suggestions that these systems of knowledge could be considered scientific in any context. Over the last two decades, a substantial body of published, peer-reviewed scholarship has challenged this idea, showing how layers of scientific information are embedded within these systems of knowledge, which are based on detailed observation, deduction, and record-keeping, and have a predictive purpose. Within the context of Indigenous astronomical knowledge, scientific information includes observing the daily, seasonal, and annual movements of the Sun, Moon, and stars, the Moon and its relationship to tides, understanding the relative movements of the Sun and Moon to predict eclipses, mapping out the movements of the planets, understanding the connection between the positions of particular stars and their relationship to seasonal change, the behaviors of plants and animals , the variability of stars, the brief appearance of cataclysmic stars in the sky, the link between meteors, meteorites and impact craters, and more (see Hamacher et al. 2020). This growing body of scholarship challenges ideas about the history and philosophy of science (Hamacher 2012), the nature and longevity of oral traditions (Kelly 2016), how these knowledges can guide and inform modern Western science (Nakata et al. 2014) and examines how this can be