Pheromone traps for the assessment of insecticides efficiency and monitoring insecticides resistance in insect field strains Abdallah, M. Albeltagy Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. ARTICLE INFO Article History Received: 20/ 10 / 2021 Accepted: 22/ 12 /2021 Abstract: Up to date insecticides are the backbone of agricultural industry (Agricultural Mass Production) and for public health protection purposes. Annually, trillions of US $ are lost as a result of insect infestations and damages in different agric. Crops around the world , even under the heavy use of insecticidal applications because of the control failure of many inefficient insecticides , that is happen because many insect field strains have developed resistance against these compounds. For the purposes of assaying insecticides efficiency and resistance in insect field strains, it's required to apply huge amounts of insecticides in many sequential treatments, investigate huge amounts of agric. crop fields, collect huge amounts of crop samples (Vegetation and / or fruit parts), rather than environmental pollution, human health hazards, using application equipments which require a lot amounts of effort, time and money. It's recommended here to use pheromone traps technique for the assessment of insecticides efficiency, monitoring insecticides resistance in insect field strains instead of the insecticides conventional applications to overcome all the above mentioned problems and to apply an advanced insecticides resistance management throughout an integrated pest management (IPM) with a very simple, easy, quick, and efficient technique. Keywords Pheromone, insecticides, assessment, resistance and insects. Introduction Formulated pesticides are used in a large scale through the world as a major mean for pest management and control. Although pesticides provide numerous benefits in terms of increased agricultural production and improve its quality, but their efficacy may be not often good because of the development of insecticide resistance in many pest species. Resistance to one or more pesticides has been documented in more than 447 species of insects and mites (Roush and McKenzie, 1987). Pesticide resistance is an increasingly urgent worldwide problem. Resistance in vectors of human disease, particularly malaria-transmitting mosquitoes, is a serious threat to public health in many nations. Agricultural productivity is jeopardized because widespread resistance in crop and livestock pests. Serious resistance problem is also evident in pests of the urban environment, most notably cockroaches. Resistance to insecticides is one of the most serious problems facing agriculture today. Many previous studies revealed the high resistance of pink bollworm to insecticides in the cotton fields. In Egypt, several Egyptian Journal of Plant Protection Research Institute www.ejppri.eg.net Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2021), 4 (4): 585 –599 585