Academic Research International Vol. 8(3) September 2017 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Copyright © 2017 SAVAP International ISSN: 2223-9944, e ISSN: 2223-9553 www.savap.org.pk 100 www.journals.savap.org.pk SCHOOL-BASED VARIABLES INFLUENCING EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA: THE CASE OF KIRINYAGA WEST SUB-COUNTY Atanasia Wambui Maingi 1 , Johannes Njagi Njoka 2 , Josiah Murage 3 Department of Psychology, Karatina University, Karatina; Department of Psychology, Karatina University, Karatina; Department of Psychology, Karatina University, Karatina; KENYA. ABSTRACT This paper investigates the school-based factors influencing effective implementation of inclusive education in public primary school in Kirinyaga West Sub-County, Kenya. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design and was guided by the self-efficacy theory propounded by Bandura’s. The target population for the study consisted of all public primary schools in Kirinyaga West Sub-County. The sampling procedure included, purposive and simple random sampling. Purposive sampling was used to identify 10 schools that offer inclusive education while simple random sampling using Gay formula (10-20%) was applied to select 10 students in the selected schools yielding a sample size of 100 students. In addition five teachers from each of the sampled schools were randomly selected to produce a sample size of 50 teachers. Data for this study was collected using two sets of questionnaires; one for learners and the other for teachers. The findings of the study revealed that primary schools in Kirinyaga West Sub-County had done very little in terms of structural modifications to facilitate effective implementation of inclusive education. The schools were ill equipped to implement inclusive education programmes in their curriculum, majority of the schools lacked admission guidelines on special needs education (SNE) learners and instructional resources were grossly inadequate in schools. The study further established that the teachers’ attitude toward implementation of inclusive education policy in schools was negative. The teachers beliefs about inclusion suggest that they do not regard students with impairments as being able to learn in regular classes and preferred educating them separately in special schools. The study recommended the need to strengthen implementation of inclusive education policies in primary schools in Kirinyaga West Sub-county. Keywords: Inclusive education, exclusion, marginalization, special needs education INTRODUCTION Inclusive education concerns the removal of all barriers to learning. It seeks to enhance participation of all learners who are vulnerable to exclusion and marginalization to all school activities. It is a strategy designed to facilitate the learning success for all children. Inclusive education addresses the common goals of decreasing and overcoming all forms of exclusion to education, at least at the elementary level, and enhancing access, participation and learning success in quality basic education for all. Education for persons with special needs has been in the minds of educators, teachers, philosophers and all types of leaders in the society from time in memorial. Throughout the ages various forms of provision of education for persons with special needs have evolved. Before the 17 th century, people with disabilities all over the world were considered socially and physically less capable (Randiki, 2002). In the general