Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Power Sources journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jpowsour Review article A review on modeling of electro-chemo-mechanics in lithium-ion batteries Ying Zhao a,b,* , Peter Stein a , Yang Bai a , Mamun Al-Siraj a , Yangyiwei Yang a , Bai-Xiang Xu a,** a Mechanics of Functional Materials Division, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Straße 3, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany b Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, CB2 1PZ, Cambridge, UK HIGHLIGHTS • Comprehensive review of electro-chemo-mechanical modeling of lithium-ion batteries. • Step-by-step instruction of the model for interested newcomers to the field. • Modeling on three length scales: particle, composite electrode and battery cell. • Review and perspective on the mechanically coupled modeling of solid-state batteries. ARTICLE INFO Keywords: Lithium-ion battery Electro-chemo-mechanical coupling Electrode active particle model Composite electrode model Battery cell model Solid-state battery ABSTRACT Investigations on the fast capacity loss of Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have highlighted a rich field of mechanical phenomena occurring during charging/discharging cycles, to name only a few, large deformations coupled with nonlinear elasticity, plastification, fracture, anisotropy, structural instability, and phase separation phenomena. In the last decade, numerous experimental and theoretical studies have been conducted to investigate and model these phenomena. This review aims, on one hand, at a comprehensive overview of the approaches for modeling the coupled chemo-mechanical behavior of LIBs at three different scales, namely the particle, the electrode, and the battery cell levels. Focus is thereby the impact of mechanics on the cell performance and the degradation mechanisms. We point out the critical points in these models, as well as the challenges towards resolving them. Particularly, by outlining the milestones of theoretical and numerical models, we give a step-by-step instruction to the interested readers in both electrochemical and mechanical communities. On the other hand, this review aims to facilitate the knowledge transfer of mechanically coupled modeling to the study of all-solid-state bat- teries, where the mechanical issues are expected to play even more diverse and essential roles due to the ad- ditional mechanical constraintimposed by the solid electrolytes. 1. Introduction Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in por- table electronic devices and electric vehicles, and are prominent solu- tions for the storage of intermittent renewable energies [1,2]. The working principle of LIBs lies essentially in the electrochemical-poten- tial-driven redox reaction in the electrode active materials, involving lithium ions and electrons. Electrons flow through conductive agents and current collectors to the external circuit, while lithium cations shuttle between the anode and cathode through the electrolyte. Mechanics can have a critical influence on the performance and the lifetime of LIBs. It is well known that LIBs suffer from considerable chemo-mechanical degradation, which is one of the bottleneck issues for current commercial batteries failing to meet the increasing demand in wide application [3]. In pursuit of larger capacity and longer cycle/ calendar life, numerous efforts have been made in the community of electrochemistry and related fields, to develop next-generation battery systems with novel electrode materials. Nevertheless, most material candidates with promising electrochemical properties have insufficient chemo-mechanical stability. That is, electrode materials with a high theoretical capacity suffer from irreversible mechanical degradation already after few cycles due to high internal stress [4]. This is the long recognized dilemma between capacity and cyclability of LIBs. There are various types of mechanical degradation in LIBs which https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.12.011 Received 20 October 2018; Received in revised form 4 December 2018; Accepted 5 December 2018 * Corresponding author. Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, CB2 1PZ, Cambridge, UK. ** Corresponding author. Mechanics of Functional Materials Division, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt- Straße 3, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany. E-mail addresses: yz575@cam.ac.uk (Y. Zhao), xu@mfm.tu-darmstadt.de (B.-X. Xu). Journal of Power Sources 413 (2019) 259–283 0378-7753/ © 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. T