Vol.:(0123456789) 1 3 Applied Physics A (2022) 128:74 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-021-05179-0 A study on structural analysis and magnetic behaviour of barium hexaferrite nanomaterial Classical ferromagnetic material under thermal treatment S. Thiyagaraj 1  · Vishal Vrashabhanath Samaje 1  · Nagaiah Kambhala 1  · A. Christy Ferdinand 2  · K. Munirathnam 3 Received: 20 July 2021 / Accepted: 1 December 2021 © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature 2021 Abstract Hydrothermal synthesis, 900 ◦ C calcination has been done for barium hexaferrite material to fnd the structural background of the material. The M-type hexagonal structure, Mauguin phase group (P63/mmc) has been extracted from the Rietveld refnement, and the positions of Fe and Ba have been identifed. The electron density of selected atoms with the suitable Miller planes has been discussed with a Fourier synthesis map. The retentivity, coercivity and saturated magnetisation have been identifed through VSM studies. Keywords Hydrothermal synthesis · Powder difraction · Rietveld refnement · Vibrating sample magnetometer analysis 1 Introduction Barium hexaferrite (BaFe 12 O 19 ) is a classical ferromag- netic material, because of its excellent chemical, physical and large magnetocrystalline anisotropy nature. In order to synthesise this material, many researchers had followed many methods and successfully fabricated this titled mate- rial [1–4]. Solgel, polymer precursor, spray pyrolysis, co- precipitation and hydrothermal have been adopted to their work to synthesise this material. Among those, the simplest method is hydrothermal method. It has been very attrac- tive, and the impact of this method had been resulting in the barium hexaferrite is to become a mono-phase crystalline nature. The main advantage of this method is to increase the homogeneity, and high surface area of the resulting powders leads to relatively high retentivity. In structural conforma- tion, many research articles have been confrmed its phase occurrences by identifying the peaks located in powder dif- fraction studies and they have indexed to the M-type, S-type, Y-type of BaFe 12 O 19 , and particularly the Miller plane (017) was also the other key-plane to confrm its nucleation that always projected to the hexagonal crystal system. In order to look at this material in the density aspects, the average density of the materials in all aspects of synthesis was 4.91g∕cm 3 and on other side some synthesis like solgel based [5], the density was achieved in the range of 90–93% of the theoretical value (5.30g∕cm 3 ). Regarding the atomic position in a single unit cell, the huge studies have focused on Wyckof’s position analysis. In that understanding, the divalent and trivalent cations have been located in 12k, 4fw, 2a, and 2b [6]. The phase group (194), point group (6/ mmm), Bravais lattice (P) and the hexagonal crystallisation nature have been reported in their studies [2, 5–7]. Particu- larly, according to the magnetic properties, the anisotropy feld of M type Barium hexaferrite can be changed by sub- stituting Fe 3+ ions shifted the resonance frequency. This has led to large eforts to modify the magnetic parameters of barium hexaferrite by substitution with other cation combi- nations, either completely on the iron site, or concurrently on both the iron and the barium sites. In these modifed ferrites, the substituted ions should maintain electrical neutrality and also have similar ionic radii to the original one [8]. In gen- eral, the barium hexaferrite powders are preferably suited for the development of electromagnetic attenuation materials at microwave frequencies, due to their magnetocrystalline * S. Thiyagaraj drsthiyagaraj@gmail.com 1 School of Sciences, Jain University, Bangalore, India 2 Periyar college of Arts and Science, Cuddalore, India 3 School of Physical Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore, India