Kaloni and Negi. Int J Neurodegener Dis 2019, 2:010 Volume 2 | Issue 1 DOI: 10.23937/2643-4539/1710010 Open Access ISSN: 2643-4539 International Journal of Neurodegenerative Disorders • Page 1 of 6 • Citaton: Kaloni D, Negi A (2019) A Review on Alzheimer Disease. Int J Neurodegener Dis 2:010. doi. org/10.23937/2643-4539/1710010 Accepted: September 16, 2019; Published: September 18, 2019 Copyright: © 2019 Kaloni D, et al. This is an open-access artcle distributed under the terms of the Creatve Commons Atributon License, which permits unrestricted use, distributon, and reproducton in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Kaloni and Negi. Int J Neurodegener Dis 2019, 2:010 A Review on Alzheimer Disease Deeksha Kaloni 1* and Abhishek Negi 2 1 School of Biotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, India 2 Chungbuk Natonal University, South Korea *Corresponding author: Deeksha Kaloni, School of Biotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal, India Abstract Alzheimer is one of the most common causes of demen- tia that infuence nerve cells in various parts of the brain. Pathologically it is caused because of intracellular neuro- fbrillary tangles and extracellular amyloidal protein and results in the deposition of plaques which obstruct the com- munication between the nerve cells resulting in this neuro- degenerative disease. The genetic risk factor found to be associated with this disease is mutation in APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2 genes. Also, the diet and nutrition play quite an important role in the development as well as prevention of Alzheimer Disease. The biomarker used for the detection of the disease should be able to differentiate between dif- ferent causes of dementia and should be able to detect it at early stage. Further the use of Induced pluripotent stem cells has proven to be an effective treatment for the cure of this disease. The objective of this review is to highlight about the pathway that lead to this disease and stem cell treatment of this disease. Keywords Pluripotent stem cells, Amyloidal protein, Dementia Review ARticle Check for updates tenton and orientaton memory loss grow and become progressively more severe. Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most common types of dementa [3]. AD is a progressive multfactorial neurodegeneratve brain disorder with no known cause and several alterable and non-alterable risk factors are associated with its development. Age is the greatest non-genetc risk factor amongst all [4,5]. It causes func- tonal as well as structural disturbance of brain’s nerve cells. In early means of disease, it also causes synaptc dysfuncton of nerve cells thereby afectng the com- municaton within neural circuits which is important for memory and other cognitve functons [6]. The cause of the disease is stll not clear, but re- searchers have found that people victmized by Alzhei- mer’s have an unusual build-up of certain proteins in their brain. One of these proteins, called amyloid beta, clumps together to form ‘plaques’. Another, called tau protein gets twisted into protein ‘tangles’. Researchers are stll looking whether these changes in the brain re- sult’s in the symptoms of AD. Several theory related to the development of AD have been postulated some of which we have covered in later part of our review. Genetc aspect of Alzheimer’s seems to be because of the dominant autosomal mutaton in one of the presenilin genes located on chromosomes 1 and 14 or in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene located on chromosome 21. In additon to this, individuals with Down’s syndrome (trisomy 21) have an increased risk of developing early-onset AD. Although the genetcs of AD are more complex and less well understood. It is known that the epsilon four allele of the apolipoprotein Introducton Worldwide populaton is rapidly aging, and the cases of dementa are growing. It has been reported that 35 million people worldwide have Alzheimer Disease (AD) or other types of dementa and about 65 million people are expected to have dementa problem by 2030 [1]. Dementa is a clinical syndrome linked with progres- sive downturn of the intellectual functon of the brain and the person afected is not able to carry out the daily actvites properly [2]. The inital signs of Alzhei- mer’s ofen are lapses in memory or struggling to look for the right words. Over tme, symptoms like language, reasoning, decision making, visuo-spatal functon, at-