International Journal of Psychology
International Journal of Psychology, 2021
DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12795
Associations between acculturation, perceived
discrimination and subjective well-being among Syrian
adolescents living in Turkey
Abdurrahim Güler
1
and Murat Yıldırım
2,3
1
Department of Sociology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri,
Turkey
2
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University,
Agri, Turkey
3
Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
A
lthough numerous studies have documented the associations between perceived discrimination, acculturation and
well-being in immigrants, far fewer have examined these associations in adolescent immigrants in the context of
forced displacement. The focus of this study was to refne our understanding of the link between acculturation, perceived
discrimination and subjective well-being in understudied forcibly displaced Syrian adolescents residing in Turkey. The
data were collected from 181 Syrian adolescents (53.19% girls) aged between 10 and 16 years (M
age
= 13, SD = 1.53). The
participants completed measures of acculturation, perceived discrimination, positive affect and negative affect alongside
demographic variables. The results indicated that boys reported more experience of positive affect while girls reported
more experience of negative affect. Younger adolescents reported greater positive affect, higher heritage acculturation
and lesser negative affect. Adolescents who had higher host acculturation and experienced low perceived discrimination
had a greater positive, whereas adolescents who experienced perceived discrimination had a greater negative affect. Host
acculturation and perceived discrimination signifcantly contributed to the variance in explaining positive and negative
affect over and above the age and gender. The results elucidate our understanding in terms of acculturation and perceived
discrimination that signifcantly contribute to subjective well-being in the context of forcibly displaced Syrian adolescents.
Keywords: Acculturation; Perceived discrimination; Subjective well-being; Syrian adolescents; Turkey.
Turkey has traditionally sent migrants to western coun-
tries but has recently become both a migrant-sending and
migrant-receiving country due to neighbouring Syria’s
civil war. Prior to the ongoing civil war in Syria, very few
Syrians sought to refuge in Turkey. Statistics documented
that only 635 asylum applications were received from
Syrian nationals between 1995 and 2011 (Kiri¸ sçi, 2014).
This fgure changed dramatically after April 2011 and
the number of forcibly displaced Syrians has exponen-
tially increased in Turkey. The statistics issued by the
Directorate General of Migration Management of Turkey
(DGMM) show that Turkey currently hosts over 3.5
million forcibly displaced Syrians which include both
arrivals and births as of May 2020 (DGMM, 2020). These
Correspondence should be addressed to Abdurrahim Güler, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Science and Letters,
Erzurum Yolu 4 Km 04100, Merkez, Agri, Turkey. (E-mail: aguler@agri.edu.tr, gulerrahim@gmail.com).
The authors would like to thank all the participants who voluntarily took part in this study. The authors have no funding to disclose.
A.G. conceptualised the study, collected the data and drafted the paper. M.Y. performed the statistical analyses and collaborated in the writing. All
authors provided critical revisions.
estimates are considered to be conservative both by Turk-
ish authorities and United Nations High Commissioner
for Refugees (UNHCR, 2018). The same report docu-
mented that approximately 47% of those registered Syr-
ians are under 18 years. The statistics also show that
most Syrians (98%) prefer to reside in towns and cities
rather than temporary shelter centres or refugee camps
(DGMM, 2020).
The social acceptance of the Syrians at the outset of
the Syrian civil war was at a high level due to accep-
tance of cultural differences, and the temporary infux
of new arrivals was initially regarded “guests” (Akar &
Erdo˘ gdu, 2019). In fact, Syrians who fed to Turkey are
recognised as “people with temporary protection” but not
© 2021 International Union of Psychological Science